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THE 

ELEMENTARY 

AND */ ii^ 

COMPLETE EXAMINER; 

OR 

CANDIDATE'S ASSISTANT: 

PREPARED TO 
AID TEACHERS IN SECURING CERTIFICATES FROM 

BOAKDS OF EXAMINERS, 

AND 

PUPILS IN PREPARING THEMSELVES FOR PROMOTION, TEACH- 
ERS IN SELECTING REVIEW QUESTIONS IN NORMAL SCHOOLS, 
INSTITUTES, AND IN ALL DRILL AND CLASS EXERCISES. 



X 



BT 

ISAAC STONE, A. M., 



PRINCIPAL KENOSHA HIGH SCHOOL. 

1871 




CHICAGO: 

G^EO. &> C. W. SHER^V^OOD. 

1864. 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1864, by 
GJ-EO. «Sc C. AV. SHERTV'OOD, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the 
Northern District of IlUnois. 



^ 9- 3 i^ 



CASE, LOCKWOOD & COMPANY, 

ELECTROTYPERS AND PRINTERS, 

HARTFORD, CONN. 



-, % 



PREFACE. 



Constant labor of more than twenty-two years in the school- 
room has wrought some deep convictions in the mind of the 
Author. Many of these have been pleasant. But most of those 
pertaining to the Examination of Teachers have been f)ainful, — 
painful from sympathy with the Candidates ; while deeply anxious 
~> discharge his whole duty toward those who are to be the pupils 
•f the successful Candidates, in commissioning none to teach ex- 
cept those who prove themselves well qualified for the high and 
responsible trust they are to assume. 

The fact that nine-tenths of all the teachers he had examined 
failed in a greater or less degree, and that more than fifty per 
cent, failed sadly in some branches, led him, years ago, to con- 
clude that he had misjudged their ability, or had placed the stand- 
ard too high — exacting too much — as his Board of Education 
once hinted, where he was acting as City Superintendent. The 
late reports of County Superintendents, as found in the State 
Superintendent's report, conjirm him, however, in his decisions, 
as they show that forty -nine fiftieths of all examined fail to secure 
jirst grade certijicates in the common branches. A larger per cent, 
it is true, obtain the second grade. But the great majority accept 
third grade certificates. Their willingness thus to do ought to be 
a sufficient cause for rejecting them entirely ; justice to the chil- 
dren demands that this low grade should be banished from the 
land as an evil genius. 

vShould it appear to any that this work extends through too 



IV TREFACE. 

many branches, and is too rigid, let such remember that each 
State, year by year, is demanding higher and still higher qualifi- 
cations in all who are commissioned to labor in this noble profes- 
sion. 

By the advice of many eminent educators, the Com'plete Exam- 
iner is sent forth to the world on its errand of benevolence. It 
seeks no literary fame, claims no scientific merit. It simply begs 
to aid those who yieed its assistance. Receive it kindly, trusting- 
ly ; it Avill tell no tales. Should it be the means of aiding pupils 
in preparing themselves thoroughly to be examined for promotion 
to a higher department, or candidates in procuring certificates 
for teaching, and thereby diminish the number of. failures and 
lessen the degree of mortification therefrom, and as a consequence 
place a higher order of talent in the school-room, as disbursing 
agents of the infinite fountain of knowledge, the Author will feel 
amply rewarded for all his care in preparing this little work and 
sending it forth as a love offering to both teachers and pupils. 

THE AUTHOR. 

Kenosha, March 10th, 1864. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE. 

Prepack, ..------3 

Contents, _------ 5 

Hints to Candidates, - - - - - -11 

CHAPTER I. 

ORTHOGRAPnY, - - - " " " -13 

Elementary Sounds, - - - - - - 13 

Consonants, • - - - - - -15 

Syllables, ..-.--- 17 

Rules for Spelling, • - - - - - 17 

Punctuation, - - - - - - 18 

Spelling, ..----- 19 

CHAPTER 11. 

Reading, - - - - - - - -19 

Accent, - - - - --- - - 21 

Expression, --------22 

CHAPTER III. 

Geography, - _- . -- - -24 

The Earth, ------- 25 

Land, --------25 

Water, ...---- 2.5 

Maps, --------26 

Hemispheres, - - - - " " 26 

Size and Motion of the Earth, ----- 2fi 

Latitude, ------- 26 

Longitude, -------27 

Zones, ------- 27 

Western Hemisphere, ------ 28 

Eastern Hemisphere, ... - - 28 

Races of Men, -------28 

Stages of Society, ------ 29 

Government, -..----29 

Political Divisions, - - - - - - 29 

Religion, -------29 

Table of Races, - - - - - - 30 

Table of the prevailing systems of Rehgion, - - - 80 

North America, ------ 30 

British Provinces, - - - - - ' f^ 

United States, - - - - - - 31 

Mexico and the West Indies, - - - - - 33 

Map of South America, - - - - - 33 

Europe, --------34 

Asia, -------- 36 

.Africa, - - - - - - --37 

Map of Oceanica, - . - - - - - SB 



VI CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 

CHAPTER lY. 

Physical GEOfiRAPnr, ---.-- 39 

Coutiueiits aud Islands, - ... - 40 
Mountains and Volcanos, - - - - .49 

Plateaus aud Plains, - . . . . 40 

Water, -------- 40 

Ocean, ---.... 41 

Atniosphorc and Moisture, - - - - - 41 

Plants and Animals, ------ 42 

CHAPTER V. 

Penmanship, - - - - - - - 42 

CHAPTER YI. 

Book-Keeping, ------. 44 

CHAPTER YII. 
Grammar, .-...-.. 45 
Language, --..--. 45 

Grammar, - - - -*- - -47 

Words, --..--. 47 

Phrases, --._... 45 

Sentences, --..... 49 

Diagrams, ------- 59 

General Rules, .-._.. 5,) 

Classification of Sentences, - - - - - 51 

Etymology, ------- 52 

Of the Noun, ----.--53 

Modification of Nouns, ----- 54 

Person, - - - - - - -55 

Number, ----... 55 

Cases, -------- 55 

Pronouns, - - - - - - - fjG 

Adjectives, ----...57 

Yerbs, ------- 53 

Modes, ------.. 58 

Participles, ----.-. 59 

Tenses, -------- 59 

Conjugation of Yerbs, - - - . . qq 

Adverbs, - - - - - - -Gl 

Prepositions, -.--.. q] 

Conjunctions, -.-.-_. go 
Exclamations, ------ 52 

Words of Euphony, - - - - - -C2 

Syntax, ---.... 53 

Prosody, -----.. (;5 

Grammatical and Rhetorical Signs, - - - - Go 

Yersification, ---.-.. 55 
Figures, ---.... gjj 

Abbreviations, - - - - - - .(37 

CHAPTER YIII. , 

Arithmetic, ---.-.. gg 

Notation, --.,... gg 

Numeration, ....... gg 

Addition, - - . . . . - fji 



CONTENTS. ^^ 

* PAGE. 

Subtraction, -"" _.. 71 

Multiplication, - - ' " _ _ .73 

Division, -"""___ 74 

Longitude and Time, - " " ' _ ,75 

Properties of Numbers, - ' ' ^ ' ^ ^^ 

Common Fractions, - ■ " ^ _ . 73 

Reduction of Fractions, - * " " _ ^^ 

Addition of Fractions, - - • ' . " . 79 

Subtraction of Fractions, - " " " _ ^g 

Multiplication of Fractions, - " ' _ .80 

Division of Fractions, - * - ' ' ' gQ 

Duodecimals, - " ' " _ .81 

Decimal Fractions, - ' ' ' ' ^ g^ 

Addition of Decimals, - " " " _ -82 

Subtraction of Decimals, - - ■ ' _ g._^ 

Multiplication of Decimals, - - " " .82 

Contractions in Multiplication, - - " ' ^ g^ 

Division of Decimal Fractions, - - ' , " . 83 

Contractions in Division, . " „ '^ . 

Reduction of Common and Decimal Fractions, 
Denominate Decimals, --""'_ 
Circulating Decimals, - - " ' . " . 84 

Continued Fractions, ---""_ g^ 

Ratio and Proportion, - - ' ' ' g^ 

Cause and Efreet, --■*"_ gg 

Compound Proportion, - - " " , ' . 86 

Partnership, -"'""'_ gg 

Compound Partnership, - - • " ' . ' . 86 

Per Ccntage, - - " ".'.'-' 87 

Interest, - - " " '_'_ -87 

Compound Interest, - • " ' '_ gg 

Discount, - - * ' '"_ _88 

Banking, - - " ■ ' . ' . ' 88 

Bank Discount, . - - - - 89 

Commission, ----•" ^^ 

Stocks and Brokerage, - - " ' . " . 80 

Profit and Loss, - -- " ' '."90 

Insurance, - - ' ' ' '_ -90 

Endowments, - - " * ' '-'90 

Annuity, - - - ' ' ' '-91 

Assessing Taxes, '"'''" 91 

Custom House Business, ' - ' ' ' - 91 

Equation of Payments, - - - " ' , ' 92 

Alligation, - - - - ' ' ' . 92 

Alligation Alternate, ''"""'" go 
Coins, Currency and Exchange, 

Arbitration of Exchange, - - - ' ^ 

General Average, .----' 
Tonnage of Vessels, . - ^ - ' 

Involution, . . - r - - "^ ^ 

Evolution, .--?--" 

Cube Root, -----"" 
Arithmetical Progression, . - - - 

Geometrical Progression, - " _ " _ ' ^. " 



83 

83 



93 
93 
94 
94 



95 
96 

96 



tt*l 



CONTENTS. 



Analysis, f j- ^ -. 

Mensuration, 

Gauging, - . . , 

Mechanical Powers, 

Pulley, - - - - . 

Uniform Motion, 

Laws Of' Falling Bodies, 

Specitic Gravity, - . » 

Appendix, - . . . 

CHAPTER IX. 
History, - - , . . 

Modern History, - - - 

General History, - » . 

United States History, 

American Independence, 

Mexican War, 

Secession and its Consequent Rebellion, 

CHAPTER X. 
Physiology, - - . . _ 

Anatomy, - - . . 

Structure of Man, 
Chemistry of the Human Body, 
The Bones, - - . . 

Physiology of the Bones, 
The Muscles, - - - . 

Physiology of the Muscles, - 
The Teeth, . . . . 

Digestive Organs, 
Circulatory Organs, 
Respiratory Organs, 
Animal Heat, 
Voice, 
Skin, . 
Kervous System, 



General Questions, 



CHAPTER XI. 



PAGE. 
97 

98 

99 

99 

99 

100 

100 

100 

101 

102 
103 
104 
104 
105 
107 
107 

109 
109 
109 
109 
110 
110 
111 
111 
111 
111 
112 
112 
113 
113 
113 
114 

114 



Botany. 



PART SECOND. 

CHAPTER XII. 
CHAPTER XIII. 



Algebra, , - . 

Signs, 

Addition, 

Subtraction, . . - 

Multiplication, 

Division, . . _ 

Factoring Polynomials, - 

Algebraic Fractions, 

Kcr.ialioiis of the First Degree, 



" 




* 


rza 


^ ^ 




. 


131 


. 


. 




131 


. 




- 


133 


. 


. 




133 


. 




- 


134 


. 


. 




134 


. 




. 


135 


. 


m 




136 


. 




. 


138 



CONTENTS. IX 

PAGE. 

Axioms, - - - - - - - I'^S 

Solution of Equations, - - - - - .-138 

Elimination, - - - - - - - 139 

Indeterminate Equations and Problems, ... 140 

Inequalities, .------ 141 

Powers and Roots, ..---_ 141 

Extraction of the Square Root of Fractions, - - 142 

Extraction of the Square Root of Algebraic Quantities, - 142 

Radical Quantities of the Second Degree, - . - 142 

Equations of the Second Degree, , . - _ 143 

Trinomial Equations, ..... 144 

Permutations, Arrangement and Combinations, - - 145 

Binomial Theorem, ------ 145 

Extraction of Roots, ---.-. 145 

Arithmetical Progression, - - - . - 145 

Geometrical Progression, .... - 145 

CHAPTER XIV. i 

Geometry, ...-...- 147 

Definition of Terms, - ... - 143 

Explanation of Signs, ---..- 148 
Axioms, - - - - - . . 148 

- 149 
149 
149 

150 

- 150 
151 

151 

152 



Tlieorcm\ 

Ratios and Proportions, 

Of ihe Circle, 

Book IV, 

Book V, 

Book VI, 

Book VII, 

Book VIII, 



Book IX, - - - - - . - 152 

CHAPTER XV. - ^'' iP^^ ■ 

Natural Philosophy, - - - - - -^ ' - 153 

Introduction, - - - - - - 153 

Preliminary Principles, - - - - - -153 

Repellant Forces, ------ 153 

Mechanical Principles, -.-..- 154 

Principles of Gravitation, - - - - - 155 

Principles of Molecular Action, .... I57 

Liquids, ----... 157 

General Properties of Gases and Vapors, - - - 158 

Air Pumps, ------- I6O 

Water Pumps, - - - - - - -160 

Buoyancy of the Atmosphere, .... I6I 

Acoustics, ---.--- 161 

Musical Sounds, - - . . . - 162 

Heat, --.-..-. 163 

Radiation of Heat, - - - - - - 163 

Reflection of Heat, -..-.- 163 

Optics, ------- 166 

Refraction, - - - . - --167 

Optical Iristruments, - - - . . 168 

Microscopes, - - . . - . - 169 

Structure of the Eye, ..... 169 



X CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 

Magnetism, - - - - - - -169 

Directive Force of Magnets, - - - - 170 

Electricity, - - - - - - -171 

Dynamical Electricity, - . - - . 172 

Electro-Magnetism, - - - - - -173 

CHAPTER XVI. 

Chkmistry, '- - - - - - - -173 

Chemical Nomenclature, ----- 175 

Non-Metalic Elements, - - - - - -176 

Hydrogen, - - - - - - - 177 

Nitrogen, - - - - - - -179 

The Atmosphere, - - - - - - 179 

Chlorine, - - - - - - -180 

Iodine, - - - - ' - - - 181 

Bromine, ------- 181 

Fluorine, - - - - - - - 181 

Sulphur, - - - - - - - 182 

Phosphorus, -- - - - - - 182 

Boron, - - - - - - - - 183 

Silicon, ------- 183 

Carbon, ----.--- 183 

Combustion, - - - - - - 184 

Mctalic Elements, - - - - - -185 

Sodium, --...-- 186 

Ammonium, - - - - - - -186 

Barium and Strontium, - - - - - 187 

Calcium, - - - - - - -187 

Magnesium, - -'- - - - - 187 

Allumininni, - - - - - - -187 

Glass and I'ottery, - - - - - - 187 

Iron, - '- - - - - - - 188 

Manganese and Chromium, - - - - - 188 

Cobalt and Nickel, - - - - - -188 

Zinc and Cadmium, - - - - - - 188 

Lead and Tin, - - - - - - - 188 

Copper and Bismuth, - - - - - 189 

Antimony and Arsenic, - - - - - 189 

Mercury, - - - - - - - 190 

Silver, - - 190 

Gold, --..-.. 190 

Platinum, - - - - - - - 191 

Organic Chemistry, - - - - - - 191 

CHAPTER XVII. 

Science of Government, - - - - - 193 

CHAPTER XVIII. 

Music, - , - - - - - - - 197 

CHAPTER XIX. 
Theory and Practice, ------ 200 

CHAPTER XX. 

Miscellaneous Questions, ----- 202 



HINTS TO CANDIDATES. 



The law demands that you should pass a satisfactory examina- 
tion before you can be commissioned to teach. 

Justice and your own conscience coincide with the demands of 
the law. 

You should never willingly engage to teach a branch in which 
you are deficient. Never ask an examiner to license you to teach 
a branch which you have never thoroughly mastered. 

With the aid of tlie Complete Examiner you have the means 
before you of determining when and in what you will be ex- 
amined. 

By being thorough and rigid in questioning yourself by the use 
of this work, you may not only save the examiner the painful 
emotions in rejecting you, but also your own mortification from 
the disgrace of your failure. 

Observe the remarks at the head of each cliapter. Be espe- 
cially thorough in the^?'S^ few chapters. 

There may be many questions that you can answer mentally^ as 
fast as you can read them. 

It would be safer and more beneficial to you to write out the 
answers to the balance of the questions, in your own words, if 
you choose. 

Answer every question, if possible, without turning to any ref- 
erence in the text-hooks. Be as calm^ as self-possessed, and as 
much at ease, during your public examination, as in your oum 
room. You may be able, in many places, to pass a satisfactory 



Xll HINTS TO CANDIDATES. 

examination without a complete knowledge of all the branches 
touched upon in this work. But when you can give positively 
correct answers to all tlie questions in the Complete Examiner, 
you need not hesitate to present yourself for examination before 
any Board of Examiners, 



THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 

CHAPTER I. 

The following questions on Orthography are taken from "Worcester's IJn- 
abridged Dictionary, as the most complete source of knowledge on the 
subject. Yet a good knowledge of it may be obtained from several Spellers 
and Grammars. 

Note. — Make the sounds which the characters represent in the following questions 
wherever it is more convenient than to write out the description. 

1. Define Orthography. (See Worcester's Un. Die.) 

2. What is a Letter ? 

3. What is an Elementary vSound ? Syllable ? 

4. What is a Word ? Sentence ? Paragraph ? Chapter ? 

ELEMENTARY SOUNDS. 

1. How many Elementary Sounds in our Language ? 

2. How many Letters have we to represent the sounds? 

3. Into how many Classes are these elementary sounds divided ? 

4. What is a Vocal^ Sub- vocal, and Aspirate ? 

5. How many Vowels have we ? 

6. How many Semi-vowels ? How many Aspirates ? 

7. How many Sounds do the vowels represent? 

8. How many Sounds do the semi-vowels represent ? 

9. What is a Diphthong? 
10. What is a Triphthong? 

IL What sound has the letter a in fate, and ai in pain? 

12. What sound has a in fat, man? Far, calm? 

13. What sound has a in fare, pair? 

14. What sound has a in fast, grass 2 Fall, ivalk'^ 

1 5. What sound has a in liar ? Palace, cabbage ? 



14 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

1 6. "WTiat sound has e in mete, seal ? J/e^, sell ? 

17. What sound has e in ^Aere, ^e^V? Her,fern°i 

18. What sound has e in ire'er, college'^ 

19. How does e in college differ from a in cahhage7 

20. What is the sound of i in pme, m^7o? ? iJfm, jt?m ? 

21. What is the sound of i in police, marine'^ Sir, virtue? 

22. W^hat is the sound of i in elixir, ahility ? 

23. What sound has o in sore, ^o?z ? Odd, dove ? 

24. What sound has o in prove, soon, nor, form? 

25. What sound has o in come, lorong,., actor, purpose ? 

26. What sound has u in pz«re, if?«5e ? Hut, hurry ? 

27. What is the sound of u in hull, push ? Fur, hut ? 

28. What sound has u in true, rude ? Sidphur, deputy ? 

29. What is the sound of?/ in type, symbol? Myrrh, truly, 
envy? -s ' 

30. When are w and y consonants ? When vowels ? 

31. Give a set of words that contain the different elementary- 
sounds in the language. 

32. In the. following words, which letters are Voioels, which 
Semi-vowels, and which Aspirates : — And, great, made, fame, sad, 
mate, life, six, vice, zebra, sup, bid, bag, pare, when, this, shall, 
ocean, link ? 

33. In the above examples which vowels are long? Which 
short ? 

34. In the word imion are the i and u vowels or consonants ? 

35. In the word one is o a vowel or consonant ? 

36. In the word righteous is the e a vowel or consonant? 

37. How many letters have we then that are always consonants ? 

38. What is a Digraph ? 

39. What is an Improper Triphthong ? 

40. In the words boil and boat which has a Digraph ? Which 
a Diphthong? 

41. In the words beauty and buoy, which has the Proper Triph- 
thong ? Which the Improper Triphthong ? 

42. What sound has eiv in mew ? oi in boil ? 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 15 

CONSONANTS. 

1. What is a Consonant? 

2. How many sounds has c? Give examples. 

3. How many sounds has ch ? Give examples. 

4. What is the sound of g in get, give, giant? 

5. How many sounds has s, x? 

6. What sound has th in this, then, tMnJc, pith ? 

7. How is tion pronounced in notion, and sion in pension ? 

8. How is sio7i pronounced in vision, and cean and cian in 
ocean and logician ? 

9. Give examples and tell the different sounds of cial, sial, 
and tied. 

10. What is the sound of ceous, cious, and tious? Give ex- 
amples. 

11. What is the sound of geous and gioiis ? Give examples. 

12. What sound has qu in queen? 

13. In the word when, which letter is sounded first, tv or h? 

14. What is the sound of ph in phantom ? 

15. How many sounds have the following Diphthongs : — ea, eu, 
eiv, ia, ie, io, oi, on, ow, oy, ua, ue, ui, uo ? 

1 6. Give examples and tell what sound each of the- following 
Diphthongs has: — ae, ai, ao, au, aw, ay ; ea, ee, ei, eo, ey ; ie, oa, 
oe, 00, ow. 

17. In the last two questions what Diphthongs are Proper, and 
what Improper ? 

18. Into how many classes are the Consonants divided? 

19. What is a Mute? Which of the consonants are Mutes? 

20. Name the Semi-vowels. 

21. What is a Liquid ? Why? Name the Liquids. 

22. Which of the consonants are Dentals ? Why so called ? 

23. Which letters of the Alphabet are Palatals ? 

24. Which are Labials ? Which are Nasals ? 

25. Which letters are called Gutturals ? Why ? 

26. What sound has h preceded by m in the same syllable ? 

27. What sound has c when it comes after the accent and is 
followed by ea, ia, io, or eous ? Give examples. 

28. What sound has d in healed and mixed? 



16 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

29. What sound has p in up ? In all other cases ? 

30. What sound has g followed by r at the beginning of a 
word ? 

31. How many g sounds in the word longer (the comparative 
of long,) and longer (one who longs) ? 

32. What sound has gh at the beginning of words ? 

33. What sound usually at the end of words ? Give examples. 

34. What sound have they in the words plough, nigh, laugh ? 

35. The combination of letters ough is said to have seven 
sounds ; what are they ? Give examples. 

36. What sound has ght terminating a word? 

37. What sound has h in her, heir, honor'? 

38. What sound has ^? When is it silent? 

39. How many sounds has U Is it ever silent? 

40. Is m ever silent? Give examples. 

41. What sound has n in man, no, angle, thanks f 

42. Give examples when oi is silent. 

43. What sound has jo in pit, psalm f 

44. How many sounds has ph ? Give examples. 

45. How many sounds has q ? Give examples. 

4G. How many sounds has rf Is it ever silent? What effect 
does it have on the short sound of the vowels ? Give examples. 

47. How many sounds has s ? Give examples. 

48. What sound has s at the beginning of a word ? 

49. What sound has s usually at the end of a word ? 

50. When has s the sound of sh ? When zh ? 

51. How many sounds has t? What sound in notion, militia? 

52. What is the sound of th in truth, truths, hath, baths f 

53. Js V ever silent ? Give examples. 

54. When is w a, consonant? Is it ever silent? Give exam- 
ples. 

55. How many sounds has x ? What sound in exalt ? 

56. What sound has x in luxury, fluxion"} 

57. How many sounds has y ? Is it ever silent ? 

58. How many sounds has 2; ? Is it ever silent ? 

59. How many sounds has^? Is it ever silent? 

60. What sound has z in glazier, azure ? 

61. What sound has u in nature, educate f 



ORTUOGUAPHY. 17 

SYLLABLES. 

1. How many syllables are there in every word ? Ans. — 
Usually as many as there are distinct sounds made in pronounc- 
ing it. 

2. What is a word of one syllable called? A word of two 
syllables ? Of three syllables ? Of four or more syllables ? 
Give examples of each. 

3. What is the rule for dividing a word at the end of a line ? 
Ans. — Never divide a syllable. 

4. What is a Simple Word ? A Compound Word ? A Primi- 
tive Word ? A Derivative Word ? Give examples. 

5. Should the Hyphen always be used in forming Compound 
Words ? If not, when and why ? 

6. What is a Prefix ? A Suffix ? 

7. How are Derivative Words formed? Ans. — By correctly 
uniting Prefixes and Suffixes. 

8. What is Spelling, and how would you teach it ? 

RULES FOR SPELLING. 

1. What is the rule for e final? 

Ans. — E final is dropped before the addition of a suffix beginning with a 
vowel; as, recite, recital; blame, hlamable. 

Exception. — "Words ending in ge or ce, usually I'ctaia e final, before able 
and oM.s ; as, peace, peaceable. 

2. What is the rule for e final before Zy, less, ness,fid, and gen- 
erally ment f 

Ans. — The e must be retained; as, nice, nicely; hope, hopeful. 
Exception. — Aive, due, true, judge, and five more words. Which are they? 

3. What is the rule for y final, upon the addition of a suffix ? 
Ans. — The y is commonly changed into i, except before ing ; as, mercy ^ 

merciful; holy^ holiness. 

Exception 1. — Fis sometimes changed into e ; as, duty, duteoiLS, 
Exception 2. — When y is preceded by a vowel in the same syllable, ex- 
cept in lay, say, and pay, it remains unchanged ; as, boy, boyish. 

4. What is the rule for verbs ending in ie, before the suffix 
ing ? 

Ans. — The ie is changed to y ; as, tie, tying ; vie, vying. 

5. What is the rule for forming derivatives from monosyllables 
and words accented on the last syllable, ending with a single con- 



18 THE COMPLETE EXAMINEE. 

sonant, or sound of a single consonant preceded by a single 
vowel ? 

Ans. — Such words double the last consonant before an additional sylla- 
ble, beginning with a vowel ; as, pet, petted. 

6. There are a few exceptions to this rule, in regard to Di- 
graphs ; what are they ? 

7. "What is the rule for t ov s preceding e final in such words 
as admit ion ? 

Ans. — The e is dropped and ion is added. 

8. Give the rule for derivatives from words ending in ate. 
Ans. — They drop te and take ble or cy ; as, estimate, estimable. 

9. What is the rule for y before the suffixes, ous, al, and able. 
Ans. — The y is commonly changed to i and usually retained ; as, rely, 

reliable. 

10. What is the rule for derivatives from words ending infy'^ 
Ans. — They change the y into i and take cation. 

Exception. — A few words ending 'mfy, drop y and take action ; as, pet- 
rify, petrifaction. 

11. What is the rule for word-s ending in ize'^ 

Ans. — They drop e and take ation ; as, civilize, civilization. Also a few 
words not ending in ize, take ation; as, sense, sensation. 

12 Form all the derivatives you can from the word press, and 
give rules for their formation, and define each derivative. 

1.3. Analyze the following words by giving the Elementary 
Sounds: — Mete, halm, rough, high, thought, laugh, beauty, phthisic, 
heir, bouquet, old, young. 

14 In the above words, which letters are vocals, which sub- 
vocals, and which aspirates ? 

PUNCTUATION. 
1. What important rule or rules can you give for the use of 
Capital Letters ? A hint : — The first word of erery entire sen- 
tence ; titles of honor and respect ; every proper name ; every ap- 
pellatio7i of the Deity ; the first word of every line in poetry ; 
the words /and 0; the principal words in the titles of boohs; 
the Jirst word of a direct quotation (when the quotation forms a 
complete sentence by itself) should all begin with a capital; and 
every important word may begin with a capital. 



^ READING. 19 

SPELLING. 

Write the following list of words and make all the corrections 
necessary, and tell which represent animals that are wild, grega- 
rious, amphibious, ferocious, carnivorous, graminivorous, omnivo- 
rous, predatory, ruminating, migratory, venomous, and hybernating. 

Name the countries in which each is native ; which are valu- 
able for food; which for their fur ; which for their skins ; which 
for their ivory ; which for oil ; which are serviceable to man, and 
in what way :— 

Ape, antilope, Babboon, bare, beaver, Buffalo, bizon, caff, cam- 
mell, Shamme, catt, coult, koogar, cow, dear, dogg, Elephant, er- 
min, fox, gazel, gote, horse, hieny, ibex, iknuman, jackkall, kitten, 
leppard, marten, lyon, munkey, muskrat, ottar, ox, panthar, pecary, 
rabit, seel, sheep, scunk, tigar, weesel, whale, wolf, zebra. 

(The above words by permission, are taken from " Sherwood's 
Practical Speller and Definer," page six, — the best work of the 
kind ever published. I have designedly changed the Orthogra- 
phy of most of the words taken. But the excellent plan of defin- 
ing is Sherwood's.) 

Note — Every one who has had any experience in examining teachers or pupils, has found 
the candidates wofully deficient in Orthography. It is tlie more culpable from the fact, that 
any candidate for promotion to a Grammar Department, a High School, or for a Teacher's 
Certificate, can prepare himself or herself in this most important and fundamental branchy 
in a few hours. Hence all who neglect a thorough knowledge of the branch should be re- 
jected. 



CHAPTER 11. 
HEADING. 

Suggestion. — Reading is a branch in wliich nineteen out of every twenty 
are deficient. Y^et this is an age of reading, emphatically so. Notwith- 
standing this, we hear the testimony from every side, that " there are but 
few good readersy How important then that we should have clear and dis- 
tinct principles in Elocution, and that every person who is a candidate for 
a Teacher's License should be a complete master of every principle, and be 
able to impart the instruction in thit.^ branch to his pupils without stint. 

N. B. — The following references in the questions on Reading are to " Tlie 
National Fifth Reader^ by Parker & Watson. 

1. What is Reading? What is Elocution? (Page 15.) 

2, What does it embrace ? What are the characteristics of 
good Elocution? (Page 15.) 



20 THE COMPLETE EXAj.IIXER. 

3. What is Orthoepy? What does it embrace? (Page 15.) 

4. Wliat is Articulation? (Page 15.) 

5. What are the Oral Elements? (Page 15.) 

6. How are the Oral Elements produced? (Page 15.) 

7. AVhat are the principal organs of speech ? (Page 1 6.) 

8. AVliat is Voice and how is it produced? (Page 16.) 

9. What directions should be given to pupils in regard to the 
position of their bodies while reading? (Page 17.) 

10. How would you teach the pupil the oral elements ; would 
you require him to pronounce the word, or to utter each element 
by itself and then pronounce the word distinctly? (Page 17.) 

11. What are Cognates? Hoav would you teach them? (Page 

18) 

12. What advantage is there in teaching the pupils to spell by 
sounds? (Page 20.) 

13. Name the errors which are usually heard in Articulation? 
(Pages 21 and 22.) 

1 -1. Whj' is t\\Q following difficult of articulation : — 

1. ''lie accepts the office, and aticinpis by his acts to conceal his faults.^'' 

2. "He was attacked with spasms and died miserably by the road-side." 

3. "For the hundredth time, he spoke of lengths, breadths, widths, and 
depths." 

4. "Theodore Thickthong thrust three thousand thistles through the 
thick of his thumb." (Pages 22 and 23.) 

5. "He said, ceaseth, approacheth, and rcjoiceth." (Page 24.) 

15. What is SyHabication ? What is a Syllable? (Page 25.) 

16. What is a Monosyllable? A Dissyllable? (Page 25.) 

17. What is a Trisyllable ? A Polysyllable ? (Page 25.) 

18. Which is the Ultimate syllable? The Penuh? (Page 25.) 

19. Which is the Antepenuhimate ? The Pre-antepenultimate ? 
(Page 25.) 

20. Give examples for each of the last five questions. 

21. What is the rule for pronouncing words that commence 
with consonants ? (Page 26.) 

22. What is the rule for pronouncing words that end with con- 
sonants? (Page 26.) 

23. What is the rule for pronouncing when one word ends and 



READING. 21 

tlie next begins with the same consonant; as, '■'' it will pain n6body^'"i 
(Page 2G.) 

24. What is the rale for the utterance of the final elements: — 
5, p, c?, ^, g and /I-; as, "I took down my hat-t and put it on my 
head-d." (Page 27.) 

25. What is the rule for pronouncing the unaccented syllables? 
(Page 27.) 

Note. — Illustrate the above rules with suitable examples. 

ACCENT. 

2G. What is Accent? What is the general rule for Accent? 

Ans. — All the words of our language of two or more syllables have oue 
syllable accented, and most polysyllables have both a Primary and a Sec- 
ondary Accent. 

27. In dissyllabic nouns where is the accent placed ? 
Ans. — On the Penult. 

28. In dissyllabic verbs, where is the accent? 
Ans. — On the last syllable. 

29. In words ending in sion and lion, which syllable takes the 
accent ? 

Ans. — The Penultimate ; as, dissen' sion. 

30. In words ending in ia, lac, ial, ian, edus, and rous, which 
syllable takes the accent ? 

Ans. — Commonly the preceding ; as, regal' ia^ impcr'ial. 

31. W^ords ending in acal and ical have the accent on what 
syllable ? 

Ans. — Antepenultimate ; as, poet'icaL 

32. On what syllable do words ending in ic have the accent 
generally ? 

Ans. — On the Penultimate ; as, algebra'ic. 

33. Words of three or more syllables, ending in car^ eal^ tnde, 
efy^ ety^ ity^ graphy, logy., ulous, inous, erous, owrous, ative, &c., 
have the accent on what syllable generally ? 

Ans. — On the Antepenultimate. 

34. In the same sentence or adjoining one where there is a ref- 
erence of one word to another, with perhaps a change in the pre- 
fix, is there a change of accent ? 

Ans. — There is ; as, to give and forgive ; probability and plausibility. 



22 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

35. As authorities for the above rules for accent, — see Worces- 
ter's and Webster's Dictionaries, on ^''Accent.'' 

36. What marks are used to show on what syllables the Pri- 
mary and Secondary accents fall ? (Page 29.) 

37. Tell on what syllables the primary and secondary accents 
fall, in the following : — The impenetrability and indestructability 
are two essential properties of matter." (Page 29.) 

38. What is the rule for accent on nouns, adjectiveSy and verbs'^ 
(Page 30.) 

39. Mark the accented syllables in the following words and give 
the parts of speech : — 

"Why does your absent friend absent himself?" "Did he abstract an 
abstract?" 

Note the mark of accent, and accent the right syllable. 

Buy some cement and cement the glass. Desert us not in the desert. If 
they rebel and overthrow the government even the rebels themselves can 
not justify the overthrow. In August, the august writer entered into a 
compact to prepare a compact discourse. (Pagti 30.) 

40. What is the rule for contrast ? (Page 30.) 

41. Note the accent in the following sentences :— • 

"He must increase, but I must decrease. This corruption must put on 
incorruption ; and this mortal must put on immortality." (Page 30.) 

EXPRESSION. 

42. What is Expression ? 
Ans. — It is the soul of elocution. 

43. What does it embrace ? 

44. What is Emphasis ? Inflection? Slur? (Page 31.) 

45. What is Modulation ? Monotone? Personation? Pauses? 

46. Give four rules for the use of Emphasis. (Page 32.) 
Give examples to illustrate each rule. (Page 32.) 

47. What rules apply for the use of Slur ? (Page 35.) 
Give any examples. (Page 36.) 

48. How many Inflections are there ? Name them. (Page 
39.) 

49. How are these inflections indicated in the books ? (Page 
39.) 



READING. 23 

50. Wliat is the rising inflection, find the falling? (P'\^e 39.) 

51. "What is the Circumllex? Give examples for each. (Page 

52. "What is meant by the slide of the voice? (Page 40.) 

53. How many parts does the sUde consist of, and how many 
things are necessary to the perfect formation of the slide ? (P^ige 
40.) 

54. Give the rule for the rising inflection, and falling inflection, 
and an example for each. (Page 41.) 

55. Is there any exception to the above rules ? Give it. 
(Page 41.) 

56. Give the rule for the inflections in questions and clauses 
connected by the disjunctive, or. (P^ige 42.) 

57. Give the rule for inflections, when words or clauses are 
contrasted. Illustrate by examples. (Page 43.) 

58. What inflection does the language of concession^ politeness, 
admiration, entreaty, and tender emotions, usually require ? 

Ans. — The rising. (P:ige 44.) 

59. What inflection has the language of command, rehulcc, con- 
tempt, exclamation, and terror? 

Ans. — Falling. 

60. What inflection has a succession of ^particulars ? 

61. What inflection does emphatic repetition and the pointed 
enumeration of particulars require ? 

Ans. — Falling. (Page 46.) 

62. How is the language of irony, sarcasm, derision, condition, 
and contrast, marked ? 

Ans. — By the circumflex. G'wa examples. (Page 46.) 

63. What is Modulation? What does it embrace? (Page 47.) 

64. Define Pitch. (Page 47.) How many general distinc- 
tions of Pitch ? 

Ans. — High, Low, and Moderate. 

65. Define High Pitch. Low Pitch. (Pages 47 and 48.) 

66. Illustrate Moderate Pitch, and Low Pitch, by examples. 
(Page 49.) 

67. Define Force. How many degrees of force ? (Page 50.) 

68. Define Loud Force, Moderate Force, and Gentle Force. 
(Pages 51 and 52.) 



24 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

69. Define Quality. How many kinds of tone are used in 
reading and spealiing? (Page 52.) 

70. What is Pure Tone ? Illustrate by an examjple. (Page 
52.) 

71. Define Orotund, and illustrate by an example. (Page 53.) 

72. Define Aspirated Tone, and give an example. (Page 54.) 

73. Define Guttural by an example. (Page 54.) 

74. Define the Tremulous or Tremor. 

75. Define Rate. How many degrees'^ (Page 56.) 

7G. Defme Quick Pate, Moderate Rate, and Slow Rate, and 
give examples to illustrate. 

77. Define Monotone. Give examples. (Page 59.) 

78. Define Personation. (Page 60.) 

79. What are Pauses in elocution? (Page 61.) 

80. What are the general rules for the use of Pauses ? Also 
the rule for Suspensive Quantity. (Pages 61, 62 and 64.) 

81. Read the following sentence, so that it will make a temper- 
ance speech, and an anti-temperance speech : — 

"The person who is in the daily use of intoxicating liquors, if he does 
not become a drunkard, ■will be in danger of losing his health and charac- 
ter." 



CHAPTER HI. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

The following references in the questions on Geography are to CAMP'S 
HIGHER GEOGRAPHY, — a work of rare merit "arranged (o accompany 
Mitchell's Series of Outline Maps," but can be used independently, as the 
book is complete in itself. (P. stands for page.) (C. for column.) 

Dejinitions of Mathematical terms used in Geography. 

1. What is a Sphere ? What is the Diameter of a sphere ? 
P. 7, C. 1. 

2. What is the Circumference of a sphere ? What is the Axis 
of a sphere? P. 7, C. 1. 

3. What are the Poles ? What is a Circle ? P. 7, C. 1. 

4. What are the great circles of a sphere? What is an Arc? 
P. 7, C. 2. 

5. How are arcs measured ? P. 7, C. 2. 



GKOGRAPHY. 25 

Geographical Definition^:, 

THE EARTH. 

1. What is the Earth? 

Ans. — A Planet. 

2. What is a planet ? 

Ans. — A body revolving around the sun. 

3. What are some of the planets ? 

Ans. — Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Franus, Xeptune, and a 
large number of others, called asteroids. 

4. What is Geography, and what is the origin of the word? 
P. 8. 

5. What is the form of the Earth ? The proofs ? 

6. Of what does the surface of the earth consist ? P. 8. 

LAND. 

1. What portion of the earth is land? What portion water? 
P. 8„ 

2. What are the principal divisions of land ? P. 8. 

3. What is a Continent ? Island ? Peninsular ? P. 8. 

4. What is an Isthmus? Cape? Promontory? Mountahi? 
P. 8. 

5. What is a Volcano ? Hill ? Plain ? Valley ? Desert ? 
Oasis? P. 8» 

6. What is a Shore or Coast ? Plateau ? P. 8. 

WATER. 

1. How is the water divided? P. 9. 

2. What is an Ocean? How many Oceans are there? P. 9. 

3. What is a Sea ? Archipelago ? Gulf or Bay ? Strait ? 
Chamiel? Soand ? Lake? River? Creek? P. 9. 

4. Which is the right bank of a River? Which the left? P. 
9. C. 2. 

5 How are rivers formed? What is the source of a river? 
P 10. 

6 What is the mouth of a river? Wliat is the bed of a river? 

Pc 10. 

2 



26 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

MAPS. 

1. Define a map. "What does a map represent? P. 10. 

2. In what direction is the top of the map supposed to be ? 
P. 10. 

3. What direction is the bottom of the map ? The right hand? 
Tlie left hand? What are these directions called? P. 10. 

HEMISPHERES. 

lo Define Hemisphere? How many hemispheres are there? 
P. 10. 

2. Which is the Eastern Hemisphere, and what does it repre- 
sent? P. 11. 

3. What is the Western, and what does it represent? P. 11. 

4. Which Hemisphere contains most land? P> 11. 

5. Which most water? P. 11. 

6. For what is the Eastern Continent distinguished? P. 11, 

7. For what is the Western Continent noted? P. 11, 

SIZE AND MOTIONS OF THE EARTH, EQUATOR AND CIRCLES. 

1. Wliat is the size of the Earth? What is the axis of the 
Earth? P. 11. 

2. What motions has the Earth? P. IL 

3. What is the Equator? How does it divide the Earth ? P. 
11. 

4. What are the Tropics, and why are they 2 3° J from the 
Equator? P. 11. 

5. ^Y\\Sit are the Polar Circles? Wliy are they 23"^ from the 
Poles? P. 11. 

LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE^ 

1 . What is Longitude ? How is it represented on the map ? 
P. 12. 

2. What are these lines called ? What do the figures attached 
to them show ? P. 1 2, 

3. Where do we begin to reckon the degrees of latitude ? P. 
12, 

4. How many degrees between the Equator and each Pole ? 
P. 12. 



GEOGRAPHY. 27 

5. Wlmt is said of places either North or South of the Equa- 
tor? P. 12. 

G. What of places on the Equator? P. 12. 

7. What is the length of each degree of latitude? P. 12. 

8. How then may we learn the distance of a place from the 
Equator? P. 12. 

LONGITUDE. 

1. What is Longitude? What are Meridians? P. 12o 

2. From what meridian do we usually reckon Longitude ? P. 
12. 

3. What is the custom of different nations in this respect ? P. 
12. 

4. Where are the degrees of longitude usually marked on the 
map? P. 12. 

5. How many degrees of longitude are there? P. 12. 

6. How many degrees then around the Earth? P. 12. 

7. What longitude have places on the first Meridian? P. 12. 

8. How can you tell whether the longitude of a place be East 
or West? P. 12. 

9. What is the length of a degree of longitude? P. 12. 

10. Give the table of longitude, showing the number of miles in 
a degree of longitude on a parallel of latitude, for every five de- 
grees, from the Equator to the Poles, — sixty geographical miles 
being taken equal to sixty-nine and a quarter statute miles ? P. 
23. 

ZONES. 

1. Wliat are zones, and what does the word mean? How 
many zones are there? P. 13. 

2. A7hat is the North Frigid ? What the South Frigid ? P. 
13. 

3. What is the chmate of the zones ? What the productions ? 
P. 13. 

4. What animals are found ? What can you say of the inhab- 
itants? P. 13, 

5. What does the North Temperate Zone embrace ? South 
Temperate? P. 13. 



^ THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

60 What is the climate of the Temperate Zones ? 

7. "What minerals are found? P. 13. 

8. For what is the North Temperate Zone more particularly 
distinguished ? 

9. Where is the Torrid Zone situated? What is its climate? 
P. 13. 

10. What are the productions of this zone? What animals? 
P. 13. 

11. Describe its inhabitants ? To what is the Torrid Zone sub- 
ject ? P. 13. 

WESTERN HEMISPHERE. 

1. Give the seas, gulfs and bays on the map of the Western 
Hemisphere. 

2. Mention all the straits and islands on the same map. P. 19. 

3. Give also the Peninsulars and Capes. P. 19. 

4. Give the Mountain ranges and their direction. P. 19. 

5. What five large lakes in North America are connected, and 
discharge their waters into the Gulf of St. Lawrence? P. 19. 

G. What are the principal rivers of North America? P. 19. 

7. Name the principal rivers of South America ? P. 19. 

EASTERN HEMISPHERE. 

8. Name the Seas, Bays and Gulfs on the map of the Eastern 
Hemisphere. P. 19. 

9. Give the names and direction of the principal channels and 
straits. P. 20. 

10. Locate the principal Islands, Capes and Peninsulars. P. 
20. 

11. What Mountains, Lakes and Rivers? P. 20. 

RACES OF MEN. 

1. How are mankind divided? P. 21. 

2. How is the European Pace distinguished ? P. 21. 

3. What Nations are included in the European Pace? P. 21. 

4. How is the Asiatic race distinguished? P. 21 

5. What nations does it include? P. 21. 

6. How is the American Lidian race distinguished? P. 21. 



GEOGIlAllir, 29 

7o What nations does it include? P. 21. 

8. How is the Malay race distinguished ? P. 21. 

9. What nations are mcluded in this race ? P. 21. 
10. How is the African race distinguished ? P. 21o 
lie What nations does it include "t P. 21. 

STAGES OF SOCIETY. 

lo On what does the social condition of men depend? P. 21. 

2. What do the different degrees of advancement amono- men 
in these particulars form ? How many of these are there ? P. 21. 

3. What can you say of savage nations ? P. 22. 

4. What is the condition of half-civilized nations ? P. 22. 

5. AVhat nations are civilized ? Give examples. P. 22. 

6. For what are enlightened nations noted ? P. 22. 

7. What nations are enlightened ? How distinguished ? P. 22. 

GOVERNMENT. 

1. What are the different forms of government? P. 22. 

2. What is a Monarchy ? Hoav many kinds ? P„ 22. 

0. What is an absolute monarcliy ? Limited monarchy ? P. 22. 
4. What is an Aristocracy ? Democracy ? P. 22. 

POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 

1. What are the Political divisions of the Earth ? P. 22. 

2. What is an Empire ? Republic ? Kingdom ? P. 22. 

3. What is the Chief Officer of a Republic called? P. 22. 

4. HoAV is he elected ? 

5. How are Empires, Kingdoms, and Republics subdivided ? 
P. 22. 

6. How are States subdivided ? 

RELIGION. 

1. What are the principal systems of Religion ? P. 22. 

2. What Nations are called Christians ? P. 23. 

3. liovv^ are christians subdivided ? P. 23. 

4. Who are Mohammedans ? Jews ? Pagans ? P. 23, 



30 THE COMPLETE EXAMINEK. 

TABLE OF RACES. 

1. How many souls cIo the Caucasian race number ? P. 23. 

2. How many do tlie Asiatic or Mongolian ? P. 23. 

3. How many do the African or Negro ? Po 23. 

4. How many do the Malay ? P. 23. 

5. How many do the American or Indian ? P. 23, 

TABLE OF THE PREVAILING SYSTEMS OF RELIGION. 

1. How many do the Jews number? P. 23. 

2. How many do the Christians number ? P. 23. 

3. How many do the Pagans and Mohammedans number? 
P. 23. 

NORTH AMERICA. 

1. "What part of the globe does North America comprise? 
P. 27, 

2. What is its length? Breadth? P. 27. 

3. What Ocean bounds North America on the north ? P. 27< 
On the East? West? What isthmus connects it with 

South America? See map North America. 

4. Bound the different divisions of North America. 

5. Draw a map of North America. 

6. What sea between North and South America? P. 27. 

7. Name the principal seas, Gulfs, and Bays of N. A. P. 27. 

8. What strait between Asia and N. A. ? North of Brit. A. ? 
P, 28. 

9. What strait between B. A. and Greenland? P. 28. 

10. Name the principal straits and sound, and locate them. 
P. 28. 

11. Locate the principal islands, and name them. P. 28. 

12. Name and locate the principal capes miik peninsulas. P. 28. 

13. Name and give the directions of the Mountain chains. P. 
28. 

14. Name and locate the lakes. Rivers. 

15. How would you go by boat and car from Chicago to San 
Francisco ? 

16. How would you go by steamer from Chicago to Liverpool? 



GEOGKAPiir. 31 

17. How does North America rank in size among the other 
divisions? P. 31. 

18. Wliat division is most mountainous? P. 31. 

19. What division is most level ? P. 31. 

20. Who inhabit Russian America ? What is its capital ? P. 
31. 

21. Are there any Volcanoes in it? Name them. P. 31. 

BRITISH PROVINCES. 

1. Bound British America. See map No. 2. 

2. In what part is Hudson's Bay Territory ? Labrador ? 

3. Bound Upper Canada. Lower Canada. P. 34. 

4. Bound New Brunswick, Nova Scotia. Newfoundland. 
P. 34. 

5. Name the Oceans, Seas and Bays. P. 34. 

6. Name the Straits and Channels, Islands, Capes and Lakes. 
P. 34. 

7. What rivers flow into James Bay ? P. 34. 

8. What river is the boundary between New Brunswick ? P, 
34. 

9- What river connects Lake Eric and Ontario ? 
10. Name the chief rivers and give their directions. 
11„ Draw a map of the British Provinces. 

UNITED STATES. 

1. What country bound the U. S. on the North? 

2. What ocean on the East ? What Gulf and country on the 
South ? 

3„ What ocean on the West? What is the latitude of the 
U.S^? 

4, What is the longitude ? How many states are there ? 

5 How many territories are there ? Name the States and 
Territories. 

6 What states border on the Atlantic? On the Gulf of Mex- 
ico ? 

7. On the Pacific? On the Great Lakes? What States lie 
west of the Mississippi ? What States are separated by the (]Jon- 
necticut ? 



32 THE COMFLETE EXAMINER. 

8. By the Delaware ? Potomac ? Savannah ? Sabine ? 

9. By the Chattahoochee ? Ohio ? What States touch Lake 
Michigan ? 

10. What territories are bounded north by British America? 

11. What border on the Pacific? What Territory is bounded 
by Mexico? 

12. What territory South of Origan? West of Kansas? 
North of Texas ? 

13. Name the Gulfs and Bays in the State of Wis. Straits 
and Sounds. 

14. Locate all the Capes and Islands. All the Mountains. 

15. Name all the Lakes and principal rivers. 

16. Which is the longest river in the U. S. ? What is its 
leno-th ? 

1 7. Which is the largest branch of the largest river ? Next ? 

18. What falls in the U. S.? 

19. Name the eastern branches of the Mississippi. 

20. Name the western branches of the Mississippi. 

Note —See Map of U. S. for authority on all these questions. 

21. Bound Maine. Describe the surface, soil and climate. 
Tell what it abounds in. Mention the chief pursuits of the peo- 
ple. Productions. The exports. What is said of Augusta? 
Eastport? Bangor? Bath? The Capital? 

22. Bound and give a similar description of every state in the 
U. S. 

23. Bound the United States as a whole. 

24. Between what parallels of latitude are the U. S. ? 

25. What is the latitude of Albany? Madison, Wis.? New- 
York ? St. Louis ? Boston ? Washington ? Chicago ? 

26. What state has the greatest amount of commerce? 

27. Which is the greatest manufacturing state? 

28. What is the largest city in the U. S. ? In the Western 
States ? 

29. What are the principal Atlantic sea-ports ? 

30o Through what water would a vessel pass in going from St. 
Louis to New York ? From Chicago to Boston ? 



GEOGRAPHY. 33 

31. What is the principal natural curiosity of the Middle 
States ? 

32. Bound the Eastern States as a whole and tell by whom 
and when they were settled, and describe in the same way. 

33. Bound the Middle States as a whole. 

34. Do the same with the Western States. 

35. Bound the Southern States and tell when and by whom 
settled. 

36. Give the general features of the Territories and tell how 
they are situated. 

MEXICO AND THE WEST INDIES. 

1. Bound Mexico. Give its latitude and longitude. 

2. Give the principal features, climate and productions. 
3o Give the latitude of Cuba. Hayti. P. 48. 

4. Which is the largest of the West India Islands .? R 48. 

5. What group north-east of it ? P. 48. 

6. What islands west of California ? P. 48. 
7= What mountain in Mexico ? P. 48. 

8. Give all the Bays and Gulfs in Mexico and Wast Indies. 
P. 48. 

9. Name all the Islands and Capes. 

10. Name all the Lakes and rivers. 

11. What river between Mexico and W. States? P. 48. 

12. Draw a map of Mexico. Also of the W. States. 

MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. 

1. Bound South America. 

2. How many square miles has it ? Inhabitants ? 

3. What is its latitude ? Longitude ? In what zone does it 
lie? 

4. How many states has South America ? Name them. P. 85. 

5. Bound each state, and give the capital of each, P. 85. 

6. What states border on the Pacific ? On the Atlantic ? P. 
85. 

7. On the Caribbean Sea? What state has no sea coast ? P. 
85. 



34 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

8e What state entirely west of the Andes. "Which is the larg- 
est state ? P. 85. 

9. What ocean east of S. A. ? West ? What sea North ? 

10. Name all the Gulfs and Bays. 

11. What Archipelagoes on the west coast of Patagonia? P. 
85. 

12. Locate and name all the Islands, Capes, Mountains, Lakes, 
and Rivers, and name the largest river and its branches. P. 85. 

13. What is S. A.? How divided? For what distinguished? 
P. 87. 

14. What is the climate ? Soil? What are the products ? 

15. What plants are found in their native state ? What can 
you say of the minerals ? P. 87. 

1 6. Wild Animals ? Of the discovery and settlement of South 
America? P. 87. 

17. What is the general form of S. A. ? P. 95, 

What range of mountains extend through the whole length ? 
P. 95. 

18. What countries of S. A. are crossed by the equator? P. 
95. 

19. Which division has the coldest climate? 

20. Where is gold found? Silver? Copper? Mercury? 
P. 95. 

21. Which is the largest city of S. A. ? 

22. How would you go from Kew York to Rio Janeiro ? P. 95. 
•23. How do people travel in New Granada ? P. 95. 

24. What divisions have a temperate climate ? P. 95. 

25. Draw a map of South America. 

EUROPE. 

1. Bound Europe. How many square miles has it? P. 102. 

2. How many inhabitants ? What is its latitude ? Longitude ? 
P. 102. 

3. Li what zone is it ? What are the principal divisions ? P. 
102. 

4. Which is the most Northern ? Eastern ? Southern ? 
Western ? 



GEOGRAPHY. 35 

5. Bound Norway and tell how many square miles it has. In- 
habitants. Climate. Soil. Products. Government. Religion. 
Education. Principal towns. Mines. P. 104. 

6. In a similar w^ay describe and bound each of the divisions 
of Europe, and give the capitals. P. 102. 

7. What ocean v/est of Europe? North? "What sea North 
of Russia? P. 102. 

8. What sea North of Prussia? East of Great Britain? 
West? 

9. What sea separates Europe from Africa? P. 102. 

10. Locate and name the balance of the seas. Bays. Gulfs. 

11. Name the straits and channels, and tell what they connect 
and separate. P. 102. 

12. Name all the islands and tell what government they belong 
to and what direction they are from the government to wliich they 
belong. P. 102. 

13. Name all the Peninsulas and tell how situated. P. 102. 

14. Give all the mountains, their situation and general direc- 
tion. P. 102. 

15. Give the name and locate all the Lakes. P. 102. 

IG. Give the names, sources and mouths of all the rivers and 
their general direction. 

17. Name the largest river and its branches. P. 102. 

18. What is the rank of Europe among the grand divisions ? 
P. 104. 

19. What is said of its coast and surface? Climate? Soil? 
Minerals ? P. 104. 

20. What is said of the animals? Agriculture? Population? 
Education? P. 104. 

21. What is the condition of the people? What religion pre- 
vails? P. 104. '^ 

22. What divisions of Europe are entirely separate from the 
continent? P. 125. 

23. What is the latitude of London ? Paris ? Rome ? Lis- 
bon? P. 125. 

24. What countries of Europe are mountainous? 

25. What is the climate of England? P. 125. 



36 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

26. How does the climate of England compare with the coun- 
tries of the same latitude on the Western Hemisphere? P. 125. 

27. Which is the largest city ? Describe it. 

28. Which are the most commercial cities of Europe ? P. 125. 

29. Which are the greatest manufa"fcturing cities? P. 125. 

30. Draw a complete map of Europe. 

31. How does the number of miles of coast line in Europe 
compare with that of the other grand divisions? P. 125. 

32. What countries of Europe are Roman Catholic ? 

33. What countries are Protestant? P. 125. 

34. What is the form of government of each country ? P. 125. 

ASIA. 

1. Bound Asia. What is the number of its square miles ? 
Number of inhabitants ? P. 130. 

2. What is its Longitude ? Latitude ? P. 130. 

3. In what zones is Asia? 

4. With what grand division is it connected? P. 130. 

5. Name its political divisions. Their capitals. P. 130. 

6. Wliat division extends farthest North? P. 130. 

7. Which farthest South ? East? West? 

8. What divisions have no sea coast? P. 130. 

9. Name and locate the Oceans, Seas, Gulfs and Bays. 

10. What is there remarkable in respect to the Caspian and 
Aral seas ? 

Ans. — They have inlets but no outlets. 

11. Name the straits and channels and tell what they connect 
and what they separate. 

12. Name the principal islands and tell where they are situated. 

13. Give the peninsulas and principal capes of Asia. P. 130. 

14. Describe the mountain scenery and deserts. P. 130. 

15. Name and locate the Lakes, and give the sources, courses 
and mouths of the principal rivers in Asia. P. 130. 

16. What is the size of Asia? Mention its natural character- 
istics. P. 132. 

17. For what is it distinguished ? What are cultivated? P. 
132. 



GEOGRAPHY. 37 

18. In what is it rich ? What animals are found ? P. 132. 

19. Who inhabit it? What is their character? P. 132. 

20. What did Asia formerly contain? P. 132. 

21. What is said of agriculture and the arts? Religion? P. 
132. 

22. What has transpired here? P. 132. 

23. What can you say of the great Chinese wall? P. 132. 

24. Where and how high are the Himalaya mountains ? P. 
141. 

25. Where is Mount Sinai? Ararat? P. 141. 

26. What is the latitude of Calcutta? Pekin? Mecca? 

27. How is Shigaporc situated? Describe it. P. 141. 

28. What remarkable tree is found in Ilindostan ? P. 141. 

29. In what have the Hindoos excelled? P. 141. 

30. How would you sail from New York to Singapore ? P. 
141. 

31. From Calcutta to Constantinople? P. 141. 

32. What is the most noted product of China? P. 141. 

33. Draw a full Map of Asia. 

AFRICA. 

1. Bound Africa. In what zones is it situated? P. 145, 

2. Point out the principal divisions on the map. P. 145. 

3. What states border on the Mediterranean Sea ? Red ? 

4. On the Indian Ocean? Atlantic? P. 145. 

5. What states have no sea coast ? What are crossed by the 
equator ? 

6. What by the Tropic of Cancer ? Tropic of Capricorn ? P. 
145. 

7. What ocean east of Africa? West? What sea north? 
T. 145. 

8. What ocean between Africa and Asia? P. 145. 

9. Name and locate the principal Seas, Gulf and Bays ? P. 
145. 

10. What strait at the entrance of the Mediterranean Sea? 
P. 145. 

11. What channel between Mozambique and Madagascar? P. 
145. 



38 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

12. Name and tell liow situated, the Islands, Isthmus and 
Caj^es. P. 145. 

13. Describe the Mountains, Deserts and Oases. 

14. Name the lakes, and give the source, course and mouths of 
the chief rivers of Africa. P. 145. 

15. What is the position of Africa? What is said of its coast? 
P. 147. 

16. What is the size of Africa? Climate? Minerals? P. 147. 

17. What is said of its mountains and deserts? P. 147. 

18. Of its soil and productions? Animals? Birds? P. 147. 

19. By whom is Africa inhabited? What did Africa formerly 
contain? P. 147. 

20. Name the Barbary States. How situated? P. 148. 

21. What is said of the valley of the Nile? Climate? 

22. What was Egypt anciently ? Thebes? Cairo? P. 149, 

23. Describe the pyramid near Cairo. P. 149. 

24. Where are the Snow mountains? P. 155. 

25. With what other grand division is Africa connected ? P. 
155. 

26. What great desert in Africa? Describe it. P. 155, 

27. What rivers in Africa ? P. 155. 

28. What is the government of Egypt? P. 155. 

29. What states in the south temperate zone ? P. 155. 

30. Draw a complete map of Africa. P. 155. 

31. For what is St. Helena noted? P. 155. 

MAP OF OCEANICA. 

1. In what two oceans are the Islands of Oceanica situated? 
P. 159. 

2. Which are the three great divisions of Oceanica? P. 159. 

3. What part of Oceanica constitute Malaysia ? 

4. What part Australasia ? Polynesia? P. 159. 

5. Name and locate the principal Islands. P. 159. 

6. Give the Seas, Gulfs, Bays and Straits. 

7. Mention the Capes, Mountains and Rivers. P. 159. 

8. Which is the largest of the Sandwich Islands? P. 159. 

9. Mention the principal towns. 



PHYSICAL GEOGIIAPHY. 39 

10. Which is the largest town on the map of Oceanica? P. 159. 

11. What division of Oceanica is nearest America? P. 1C2. 

12. On what island is Mount Ophir? Where is Botany Bay? 
P. 163. 

13. What islands are crossed by the equator? P. 1G3. 

14. What is the latitude of the Sandwich Islands? P. 163. 

15. What is the lonjj-itude of the Sandwich Islands? P. 163. 



CHAPTER lY. 
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Of what does Physical Geography treat ? P. 167. (Camp's 
High School Geography.) 

2. What has Descriptive Geography taught of the surface of 
the earth? P. 167. 

3. What is said of the Heat of the earth ? (Geology) P. 1 67. 

4. In what state is the interior of the earth supposed to be ? 
P. 167. 

5. What is said of the crust ? How far has it been penetrated? 
P. 167. 

6. How much of its composition is supposed to be known ? P. 
167. 

7. How many simple elements are there? P. 167. 

8. HoTV many species of minerals are known? P. 167. 

9. Which are the most common minerals? P. 167. 

10. How are they combined? What is meant by the term 
rockV P. 167. 

11. How are rocks classified? What are stratified rocks? P. 
167. 

12. Unstratified rocks? Igneous rocks? Plutonic rocks? P. 
167. 

13. Volcanic rocks? Aqueous rocks? Metamorphic rocks? 
P. 168. 

14. Fossiliferous rocks ? Describe the Granite rocks. P. 168. 

15. What are the lowest stratified rocks? P. 168. 

1 6. Mention the succeeding series in their order. P. J 68. 

17. What other unstratified rocks occur? P. 168. 



40 THE COMrLETi: EXAMINEK. 

18. What is said of the effect of certain rocks? P. 1G8. 

19. Of changes now taking place? P. 168. 

20. What are the Carboniferous rocks and what position found 
in? P. 168. 

CONTINENTS AND ISLANDS. 

1. What continent is the most simple in form? P. 169. 

2. Is there any similarity in the two continents ? What ? P. 
169. 

3. Describe the characteristics of the Western Continent. 
Eastern. P. 169. 

4. How are the islands divided? 

5. What is said of the Continental islands? Volcanic? P. 169. 

6. Of Coral islands? Coral Reefs? P. 170. 

MOUNTAINS AND YOLCANOS. 

1. How do Mountains occur ? Volcanos? P. 170. 

2. What is a Mountain system ? To what do they correspond ? 

3. Describe the principal systems of the Western continent. 

4. Of the Eastern continent. What is pecuUar to each ? P. 
170. 

5. What is meant by volcanic action ? 

6. How many volcanos are now active? P. 170. 

7. Describe the chief volcanic regions. P. 170. 

8. For what is Stromboli noted? Hecla? Cotopaxi? P. 171. 

9. Jorullo ? What are earthquakes ? 

10. Mention some of the most destructive. P. 171. 

PLATEAUS AND PLAINS. 

1. What are Plateaus? Plains? P. 171. 

2. Which continent is distingui.-^hed for its plains ? 

3. Its plateaus ? Describe the Plateau of N. America. P. 172. 

4. Of S. America. Asia. Describe the Plain of N. America. 
P. 172. 

5. Of S. America. Of Europe. Asia. Africa. P. 172. 

WATER. 

1, How are the waters of the land found? P. 172. 



rHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 4X 

2. Describe Springs. Kot and Boiling Springs. P. 172. 

3. What is meant by the basin of a river? P. 173. 

4. Mention the principal basins on the land. 

5. Upon what does the velocity of a river depend? P. 172, 
6o In what direction do the largest rivers flow ? 

7. What are deltas? How formed? P. 173. 

OCEAN. 

1. What is meant by the basin of an ocean? P. 174. 

2. Describe the Hydrographic system of the ocean. P. 174. 

3. Describe the Waves, Tides, Currents. P. 174. 

4. What causes the Antarctic Current? The Gulf Stream? 
P. 174. 

5. What causes the Equatorial Current? P. 175. 

6. Give the cause of the South Connecting Current. 

7. Point the course of the Japan Current. P. 175. 

8. What is the cause of the Sargasso Sea? P. 175. 

ATMOSPHERE AND MOISTURE. 

1. What is the Atmosphere? What is Temperature? P. 175. 

2. Upon what does the Temperature of a place depend? P. 175. 

3. What causes wind ? Hot winds? Hurricanes? P. 17G. 

4. What cai^ses the Trade Winds 2 Return Trades? P. 176. 

5. What is the cause of the Monsoons ? Water Spouts ? P. 
176. 

6. What is Dew? Frost? Mists and Fogs? Rain? Hail 
and Snow? Give the cause of each. P. 177. 

7. Where are rains periodical? Frequent? No rain? P. 177. 

8. What is the annual fall of rain ? What is meant by snow 
line? 

9. What are Glaciers ? Chmate? Isothermal Lines ? P. 177. 

10. Where is there the most rain, and Iiov/ much? 
Ans. — Cherrafongi, Southern India, 610y^ inches. 

11. Where is the least rain, and how much is there ? 
Ans. — Fort Yuma, California, 1.^^ inches. 

12. By what is clhnate effected? P. 177o 



42 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

PLANTS AND ANLMALS. 

1. What is the estimated number of species of plants on the 
globe? P. 178. 

2. What is said of the native region of plants? P. 178. 

3. Of the distribution of plants? P. 178. 

4. What are most important influences effecting vegetation ? 

5. What is said of the vegetation of the Torrid Zone ? P. 178. 

6. Of the Temperate Zone? Frigid Zone? P. 178. 

I. What can you say of local and restricted botanical regions ? 
P. 178. 

8. How are Animals adapted to different climates? P, 179. 

9. What is said of the clothing of animals of difTcrcnt zones ? 
P. 179. 

10. What animals does the Torrid Zone contain? P. 179. 

II. What kind of birds? Where are the coral tribes found? 
P. 179. 

12. What classes of animals belong to the different zones ? P. 
179. 

13. What is said of animals peculiar to particular regions? 
P. 179. 

14. How does Physical Geography differ from Political Geog- 
raphy? P. 179. 

15. Draw a new map of the U. S. with Isothermal Lines. 

Note. — I could have multiplied these questious four fold: but perhaps the answers given 
would not have developed more principles than clear answers to the comprehensive ques 
tions ah'eady proposed. 



CHAPTER V, 
PENMANSHIP. 

Remark. — The law requires that candidates for teaching shall be exam- 
ined in Penmanship. Tet with few exceptions little or no attention is given 
to the subject ; as a result, poor penmanship is generally found in all our 
schools. Good penmanship is an exception, unless a teacher has been em- 
ployed especially for that branch. This is wholly unnecessary. 

The following references to questions on penmanship are to the "Manu- 
al OF Penmanship," by Payson, Dunton, Scribner & Hays. Authors of the 
Combined System of Penmanship. 

P. stands for the page of the Manual. 



PENMANSHIP. 



43 



1. What is Penmanship ? 
Ans. — The art of loriting. 

2. What may reasonably be expected from the school course 
of writing? P. 19. 

3. Which should be taught first, knowledge of forms, or com- 
niand of the pen ? P. 21. 

4. Can a bad writer teach penmanship successfully ? P. 23. 

5. Mention all the requisites for an exercise in writing. P. 25. 

6. How many are there in all ? 

7. What is said about ''Script and PrintV P. 37. 

8. Why should one differ in form from the other ? 

9. What can you say about Lines and Angles ? P. 42. 

10. What degrees should the Angles be? P. 45. 

11. AYhat can you say of the Position ? Rests and Movements'^ 
P. 46. 

12. What can you say of the Elements and Principles'^ P. 57. 

13. What is the first Element'? P. 60. 

14. What is the second Element'? P. 60. 

15. Describe the third Element, Fourth. Fifth. P. 60. 

1 6. How many principles from the five Elements ? P. 60. 

17. The main lines have a slope of how many degrees? P. 60. 

18. The connecting lines how many degrees? P. 60. 

19. How many Elements are there in the First Principle ? P. 60. 

20. How many Elements form the Second Principle? P. 61. 

21. How many form the Third Principle? P. 61. 

22. How many form the Fourth Principle? P. 61. 

23. How many form the Fifth Principle ? P. 62. 

24. Explain the Sixth Principle. 

25. What Elements are there in the letter 0? (See elements 
Plate.) 

26. What is said about the Scale of Length'? P. 63. 

27. Give the rule for Scale of Length. P. 63. 

28. Give the rules for small letters. P. 65, 66. 
29o Give the caution mentioned on page 72. 

30. Give the analysis of the figures. P. 74. 

31. Describe the principles found in the Capitals. P. 76. 

32. Give the general rule for Capital Letters, P. 78. 



44 Tiii: LU-.:i'L;.T.:: kxaminek. 

33. Give the caution mentioned on pages 79 and 80. 

34. What is said about the classes of small letters ? P. 87. 

35. What letters belong to the First Class ? P. 87. 

36. To the Second Class, Third Class and Fourth Class? P. 
87. 

37. What are the characteristics of the letters? P. 88. 

38. What is said about the order in which the small letters are 
introduced ? P. 88. 

30. Describe the combination of letters, and give the rules. 

P. 94e 

40. Give and explain the Schedule of Topics and Course of 
instruction as found on pages 104 and 105. Explain topics on 
page 146. Mention anything else important in teaching penman- 
ship. 



CHAPTER VI. 

BOOK-KEEPIXG. 

Although the Law does not demand that a candidate shall be examined 
in Book-Keeping, yet that is no reason why the teacher should not be qiiali- 
jied to teach that which all the youth of the layid are going forth to prac- 
tice. A few questions are therefore given on this important branch. 

The following references in the questions on Book-Keeping are to "Bry- 
ant & Stratton's National Book-Keeping," "High School Edition." The 
best work published on the subject. 

P. stands for page. 

1. What is Book-Keeping? In what does business consist? 
P. 11. 

2. How many methods of Book-Keeping are there, and how 
distinguished? P. 11. 

3. Whidi is the better method, and for what reason? P. 11. 

4. What is the characteristic feature of Double Entry? P. 11. 

5. Why must each Transaction be entered twice on the Ledger? 
P. 11. 

6. What are the three main books in Double Entry? P. 11. 

7. Which two are sometimes combined in one? P. 11. 

8. Describe the Day Book. What should be the character of 
its expression? P. 11. 

9. Why is the Day Book alone produced in Courts? P. 11. 



BOOK-KEEPING. 45 

10. What other importance has it ? Describe the Ledger. P. 
12. 

11. What is the character of the Ledger? P. 12. 
What is an account? P. 12. 

12. Which is the Debit and which the Credit side of an ac- 
count? P. 12. 

13. What is a Resource ? Liabihtj ? Cash Term ? P. 14. 

14. For what is cash Account Debited? Credited? P. 14. 

15. What is shown by the difterence between the sides? P. 
14. 

IG. Which side of a Cash account must be the greatest, and 
why? P. 14. 

17. What is meant by Bills Receivable? Payable? P. 14. 

18. For what is Bills Receivable Account Debited ? Credited? 
P. 14. 

19. For what is Bills Payable Account Debited? Credited? 
P. 14. 

20. What is shown by the difference ? P. 14. 

2L What is a Merchandise Account? With what Debited? 
Credited? P. 14. 

22. What is Real Estate ? How is the Account kept ? P. 15. 

23. Wlierein are Accounts with Bank Stock, Railroad Stock, 
&c., similar to Merchandise? P. 15. 

24. What are Personal accounts ? With what debited ? Cred- 
ited? P. 15. 

25. What is meant by Shipment or Adventure ? How do they 
differ from Merchandise? What is meant by the term Stock? 
P. 15. 

26. What do Stock Accounts show? Explain the manner of 
keeping Stock Accounts. P. 16, and Formula (P. 17.) 

State the six general principles in keeping accounts. P. 16. 

27. What should the pupil keep in view when Journalizing? 
P. 20. 

28. "What is Posting ? Why is it necessary to observe care in 
Posting? P. 20. 

29. When should the Check Mark (v) be made in the Day 
Book, and where? P. 20. 



46 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

30. Why is a Trial Balance so called? P. 27. 

31. Can a correct Trial Balance be had which will contain sim- 
ply the Balance of the Ledger Account ? P. 28. 

32. AYhat will a Ledger properly kept show at any time ? P. 
28. 

33. What kind of Resources can not be shown from the Ledger? 
P. 28. 

34. How many classes of Accounts are there ? P. 29. 

35. What Accounts are called Real? What Representative? 
P. 29. 

36. For what purpose is Stock Opened? P. 32. 

37. What is the chief difficulty with pupils in closing the 
Ledger? P. 33. 

38. Describe the manner of closing the Ledger in regular steps. 
P. 34. 

39. T)Q,fmQ Cash Booh. Bill Booh. Commission Ledger Book. 
Invoice Book. Describe the form of Notes, Drafts, &c. 

40. State any other principle in Book-Keeping not implied in 
the foregoing questions. 



CHAPTER Vn. 

GRAMMAR. 

Remark. — Many candidates can recite the Grammar from beginning to end, 
yet in the application of the prificiples in analyzing language, they fail sad- 
ly. Again those who are able to tell the part of speech readily in the sen- 
tences taken from the Grammar, still make many bad mistakes in general 
analysis. It is of the highest importance, therefore, that every candidate 
should so thoroughly qualify himself in the principles of the science, that 
he may be able to judge of the part of speech from the office the word 
performs in the sentence. Every good student of Grammar knows that the 
SAME WORD varies its part of speech as it varies its office in different senten- 
ces. 

Note. — The following references in the questions on Grammar are to 
Clark's Enghsh Grammar, Revised Edition. Def. stands for definition. 
Obs. for observation. Rem. for remarJc. Pr. for principle. R. for rule, 
Ex. for example. P. for page. 

LANGUAGE. 

1. What is Language? Def. 1. 



GRAMMAR. 47 

2. How are thoughts and feelings indicated? Def. 1. Obs. 1. 

3. Wliat can you say of Natural Language? Def. 1. Obs. "2. 

4. Describe Artificial Language. Def. 1. Obs. 3. 

5. Of what does Spoken Language consist ? Def. 
G. Of what does Written Language consist ? Def. 

GRAMMAR. 

1. What is Grammar? Define General Grammar. Def. 4. 

Obs. L 

2. What is Particular Grammar ? Def. 4. Obs. 2. 

3. What should every Particular Grammar include ? Def. 4. 

Rem. 

4. What is English Grammar? Define a letter. Def. 5, 6. 

5. D(^fme a Word. What is a Phrase ? Def. 7, 8. Rem. 

6. Point out the Phrases in the following : 

"At midnight, in his guarded tent, 

The Turk was dreaming of the hour 
When Greece, her knee in suppUance bent, 

Should tremble at his powei\" 

7. What is a Sentence ? Def. 9. 

8. Illustrate your definition by examples. Def. 9, Ex. 

WORDS. 

1. Words are distinguished as how many Parts of Speech? 
Prin. 

2. Give the Parts of Speech. Prin. 

3. Describe a JV^oim. A Pronoun. An Adjective. Def. 10- 
12. 

4. Illustrate each of the above by an example. 

5. Describe a Verb, and tell what belong.^ to it. Def. 13. 
G. Define an Adverb. A Preposition. Def. 14, 15. 

7. What is a Conjunction ? 

Ans. — A word used to connect words, phrases, and sentences. 

8. What is an Exclamation? Def. 17. 

9. What is a Word of Euphony? Def. 18. 

10. Give examples of Words of Euphony. 

"There are no idlers here." "Now, then, we are prepared to defend our 
position." 



48 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

PHRASES. 

1. For what are Phrases used? Rem. P. 19. 

2. How are Phrases distinguished? Prin. P. 19. 

3. What is a Substantive Phrase? Def. 19. 

4. Point out and tell the offices the Phrases perform in the fol- 
lowing sentences : 

"To be, contents his natural desire." "His being a minister prevented 
his rising to civil power." "I doubted his having been a soldier." 

5. What offices do Substantive Phrases perform? Def. 19, 
Obs. 

6. What is the office of an Adjective Plirase ? Def. 20. 

7. Designate the Adjective Phrases in the following : 

"The time of my departure is at hand." "Forgetting the things that are 
behind I press forward." 

8. What is an Adverbial Phrase? Def. 21. 

9. Designate the Adverbial Phrases in the following : • 

"God moves in a mysterious way." "Truth crushed to earth will rise 
again." 

10. Define an Independent Phrase. Def. 22. 

11. What office does an Independent Phrase perform in a sen- 
tence ? Def. 22, Obs. 

12. Designate the Independent Phrases in the following : 

"The hour having arrived we commenced the exercises." 

"The sun having risen, we set sail." 

"The bugle having sounded, the charge was made." 

13. If you approve of distinguishing Phrases according to 
their forms, instead of the offices which they perform, tell how 
many classes there are, and name them. Def. 22, Prin. 

14. Describe a Prepositional Phrase. Give an Ex. Def. 23. 

15. Describe an Infinitive Phrase. Give an Ex. Def. 24. 

16. Describe a Participal Phrase. Give an Ex. Def. 25. 

17. Give a sentence illustrating an Independent Phrase. Def. 
26. 

18. Of what does a Phrase consist? Def. 26, Pr. 

19. What are the principal elements of a Phrase? Def. 27. 



GPtAMMAR. 49 

20. Define the Adjuncts of a Phrase. Def. 28. 

21. Designate the Principal Elements and Adjuncts in the fol- 
lowing : 

"Birds sang amid the whispering shade." 
"Rays of limpid hght gleamed round their path." 

22. What is the leader or connective of a Phrase ? Def. 29, 
Obs. 

23. Point out the leaders or connectives in the following : 

^ "Like a spirit it came, in the van of a storm." 

"Enough remains of ghmmering light 
To guide the wanderer's steps aright." 
"I am monarch of all I survey; 
My right there is none to dispute." 

24. Define a Participle. Describe a Subsequent or essential 
element of a Phrase. 

25. "When any element of a Phrase is suppressed, how do you 
treat that part of the Phrase which is expressed ? P. 23. Obs. 2. 

26. Designate the Subsequent of a Phrase, and illustrate the 
principle in question 2oth from the following: 

"At parting, too, there was a long ceremony in the Hall ; buttoning up 
great coats, tying .on woolen comforters, pinning silk handkerchiefs over the 
mouth and up to the ears, and grasping sturdy walking canes to support 
unsteady feet." "These crowd around to ask him of his health." "Wil- 
liam came home." "ilary has come to school early." "I love to see the 
sun rise." 

SENTENCES. 

1. What is a Sentence? P. 23. Pern. 

2. What are the Elements of a Sentence ? Def. 32. 

3. What is essential to the structure of a Sentence ? Def. 32. 

4. What is the Subject of a Sentence ? Def. 32. Rem. 1. 

5. What are the parts of a Sentence ? P. 24. Prin. 

6. What is the Predicate of a Sentence ? Def. 32. Rem. 

7. What are Principal Elements ? Adjunct Elements ? Def. 
33, 34. 

8. Point out the Principal and Adjunct Elements in the follow- 
ing sentences : 

"The night passed away in song." "The King of Shadows loves a shin- 
ing mark." 

3 



50 . THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

"There in his noisy mansion, skilled to rule, 
The village master taught his little school." 

9. Define Subordinate Elements, and designate them in the 
following : 

"Lend me your songs, ye Nightingales." "Oh Liberty ! I wait for thee." 
"There are no idlers here." "I sit me down a pensive hour to spend." 

10. What must every Sentence have? Def. 35, 

11. Is there any distinction between a Logical and Grammati- 
cal Subject? If so give it. r. 

12. What is the difference between a Grammatical and Logi- 
cal Predicate ? Give the distinction between a Grammatical and 
Logical Object. Def. 37, 38. 

13. In the following Sentences tell whether the Subject, Predi- 
cate and Object are Grammatical or Logical: 

"Birds fly." "Knowledge is power." 
"They that seek me early, shall find me." 
"To do good, is the duty of all men." 
"At what time he took orders, doth not appear." 
"That all men are created equal is a self-evident truth." 
"Thou art perched aloft on the beetling crag." 
" I regret his being absent." 

" The fool hath said in his heart, there is no God." 
" God said, let there be light." 

"God never meant that man should scale the heavens, 
By strides of human Wisdom." 

DIAGRAMS. 

1. What is a diagram, and what is its object ui Grammar? 
P. 36. 

2. What determines the position of an element in the Diagram ? 
Rem. 

3. Illustrate by an example. P. 36. 

GENERAL RULES. 

1, What position do the principal elements occupy in the Dia- 
gram? P. P. 36. 

2. What position do the subject, predicate, and object, occupy 
in a Diagram ? P. 2, 3, 4. P. 36, 37. 



GRAMMAR. 51 

3. What position do the Adjunct, Conjunction and Relative 
Pronoun occupy in a diagram? R. 5-10, 12. P. 37, 38. 

CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES. 

1. How are Sentences distinguished? Pr. P. 38. 

2. Describe an Intransitive Sentence, and give an exampleo 
Def. 43. 

3. Define a Transitive Sentence, and give an example. Def. 
44. 

4. In the following Sentences, designate which are Transitive, 
and which Intransitive : 

*' God is love." "On some fond breast the parting sou) relies." "Vir- 
tue secures happiness." "Fishes swim." "Industry promotes health and 
Tv-ealth." "John walks." 

5. Defi^ne a Simple Sentence, A Compound Sentence. Def. 
45, 46. 

6. In the following, tell which are Compound, and which Sim- 
ple: 

Frank is diligent. James is quiet. The boys run. Maggie and Flora 
study Latin. "Temperance elevates and ennobles man." 

7- What are the clauses of a Compound Sentence? Def 46, 

8. Designate in the following, what clauses are Compounded : 

John and James study Philosophy. Anna reads Latin and French. 
Phebe studies and recites Algebra and Geometry. Slowly and sadly Min- 
nie and Maggie ride and walk up yon high and distant mountain and wood- 
land. 

9. What is a Mixed Sentence ? Def 46, (e.) 

10. Designate which of the following Sentences is Mixed: 

" Time slept on flowers and lent his glass to hope." 

"Who can observe the careful ant, and not provide for future want." 

11. What is a Principal Sentence? Def. 47. 

12. Describe an Auxiliary Sentence. Def 48. 

13. Define a Complex Sentence. Def 48. Obs. P. 42. 

14. Designate which of the following Sentences is Principal. 
Which Auxiliary. Which Complex : 



52 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

a. Man is mortal. * 

6. He hath brought many prisoners from Vicksburg. 

c. "The fur that warms a monarch Avarmed a bear." 

d. "Sweet was the sound, when oft, at evening's close, 

e. Up yonder hill the village murmur rose." 

f. "I have a temple in every heart, that owns my iufiuence." 

15. How are Auxiliary Sentences distinguisiied ? P. 42, Prin. 

16. Define a Substantive Sentence. Def. 49. 

17. AVhat is an Adjective Sentence? Def. 50. 

18. Describe an Adverbial Sentence. Def. 51. 

19. In the following, designate the Substantive Sentences, the 
Adjective Sentences, and Adverbial Sentences : 

«. "That man is liable to err, is evident to all." 

h. "James refused to tell what caused him to commit the deed." 

c. "He that getteth wisdom lovcth his own soul." 

d. "That life is long, whicli answers life's great end." 

e. "Teachers are anxious that their pupils sliould improve." 

f. "How dear to my heart are the scenes of my childhood, 

g. When fond recollection presents them to view." 

ETYMOLOGY. 

1. Define Proximate Analysis. Ultimate Analysis. Pern. 2, 
3, P. 69. 

2. What is embraced in the Science of Lanofua^e ? Pr. P. 69. 

3. Define Orthography. (See first Cliap. of the Examiner.) 

4. What does Etymology treat of.? Syntax ? P. 69. 

5. What is Prosody, and of what does it treat ? 

6. What does a true system of Analysis require ? Pern. P 
69. 

7. How are words distinguished? Pr. 70. 

8. Define a Radical word. Derivative word. Def. 52, 53. 

9. Must a word that is Radical in English, be Radical in the 
language from which it is derived ? Obs. P. 70. 

10. How are the parts of a compound word usually written ? 
Obs. P. 70. 

11. What is the Basis of a Compound word ? Adjunct? Def. 
56, 57. 

12. What is the distinction between a Derivative and Compound 
word? R. P. 71. 



GRAMMAR. 53 

13. Define a Prefix and its office. Def. 58. 
14 Describe a Suffix and its office. Def. 59. 

15. How are Prefixes and Suffixes distinguished? Pr. P. 71. 

16. Wliat is a Separable Radical? Def. 60. 

17. Describe an Inseparable Radical. Def. 61. 

18. Designate the Radical and Derivative words in the follow- 
ing; 

a. "The profoundest depths of man's intellect can be fixthomed." 

b. "In the loftiest flights of his imagination he can be followed." 

c. "Dryden often surpasses expectation." 

d. "Pope never falls below it." 

€. "Behold the majestic monarch of the clouds." 

19. Designate the Simple and Compound words in the follow- 
ing: 

a. "Flag of the free heart's only home, 

b. By angel hands to A^alor given, 

c. Thy stars have lit the welkin dome, 

d. And all thy hues were born in heaven. 

e. Forever float that standard sheet ; 

f. Where breathes the foe but falls before us ; 

g. "With Freedom's soil beneath our feet, 

h. And Freedom's banner streaming o'er us." 

20. Designate the Prefixes and Suffixes, the Separable and In- 
separable Radicals in the following : 

a. Goodness sake absolve dangerous formations. 

b. Undertake to overtake consular uniforms. 

c. Reform undelectablc and convertable elections. 

d. Reconstruct the comparable and indissoluble Union rightftlly. 

OF THE NOUX. 

1. What is a Noun? Describe its office. Def. 62. 

2. Give the order of parsing a Noun. 

3. What is the diffi^rence between a Proper and a Common 
Noun? Def. 63. 

4. Illustrate the above bj examples. 

5. When a Noun denotes the qualitj of a thing, what kind of 
a Noun would you call it ? Def. Q6. 

6. Describe a Collective Noun. Def. &Q), 



54 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

7. Define a Verbal Noun. Def. 67. 

8. Is it essential to the Science of Grammar that Nouns should 
be classified as Common and Proper ? 

Ans. — It is not. 

9. May the office of a Substantive be performed bj Words, 
Phrases, and vSentences? Obs. 4. P. 74. 

10. May a word that is usually a noun perform the office of an 
Adjective, Adverb, or Verb? Obs. 5. P. 75. 

11. May the same word perform the office of any part of 
speech ? 

12. Designate the Nouns in the following: 

a. An Iron fence. 

b. Go home and come back. 

c. But if you mouth it. 

d. The good tilone are great. 

e. I grudge thee not the much or the little thou mayest receive. 
/. "Tls Heaven itself that points out an hereafter." 

g. "Your if is the only peace-maker; much virtue is in if." 
h. "They came down with hark, and whoop, and wild halloo." 

MODIFICATION OF NOUNS. 

1. How many Genders have Nouns ? Name them. Rem. P. 
75. 

2. AVhat is Person as belonging to Nouns ? How many Per- 
sons are there ? 

3. What belonrr to Nouns? Pr. P. 7G. 

4. What does the Masculine Gender denote ? Def. 69. 

5. What Nouns are of the Feminine Gender? Def. 70. 

6. What Nouns are of the Neuter Gender? Def. 71. 

7. What Gender do you apply to the names of infants and 
young animals? Obs. 2. P. 76. 

8. What Gender do you apply to the names of objects personi- 
fied ? Obs. 3. P. 76. 

9. What Gender do you apply to the following words : Parent, 
Cousin, Friend, Bird, Sheep, Deer? Obs. 4. P. 76. 

10. Give the feminine of actor, author, host, hero, jew, lion, 
hear, tiger, man. 

11. Give the masculine of governess, 2yrincess, lady. 



PERSOr^. 

1. Define Person as belonging to Nouns. 

2. Give an example of a Noun of the First Personc 

3. What Nouns are of the Second Person ? Def. 73. 

4. What Nouns are of the Third Person? Def. 74. 

NUMBER. 

1. Define Number as belonging to Nouns. 

2. What Nouns are of tlie Sinojuiar Number? Def. 75. 

3. What Nouns are of the Plural Number? Def. 76. 

4. How do you determine the Number of Nouns ? Obs. P. 78. 

5. How do you form the Plural of Nouns whose Singular ends 
in s, ss, sh, x, ch, &c. Obs. 2. P. 79. 

6. How do Nouns ending in y, form their Plural ? Obs. P. 79. 

7. How do you form the Plural of Nouns ending in f final ? 
Obs. 4. P. 79. 

8. Nouns ending in fe form their Plural in what manner? 
Obs. 5. P. 79. 

9. Give the plural of Book. Pen. Gas. Lynx. Hero. 
Lady. Folly. City. Beef. L^af. Wolf. Wife. Child. 
Man. Ox. Foot. Mouse. 

10. How do Compound Words form their Plural? Obs. 7. 
P. 80. 

11. How do you form the Plural of Nouns, having titles pre- 
fixed or annexed? Obs. 9. P. 80. 

12. Give the Plural of the following : Inkstand. Race-hoi'se. 
Father-in-law. Arm-full. Ignis-fatuus. Miss Brown. Doctor 
Smith. Gold. 

13. Give the Singular of Tongs. Vespers. Literati. Scis- 
sors. 

14. Give the Number of the following: News. Wages. 
Sheep. Horse. Foot. Cattle. 

15. Give the Plural of Genus. Index. Axis. 

CASE. 

1. What does Case in Grammar mean ? Rem. 2. P. 82. 



56 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

2. How many Cases do Nouns have? Name them. Pr. P. 
82. 

3. Define the Nominative and its office. Def. 77. 

4. In svhat Case is the Subject of a Sentence ? Obs. P. 83. 

5. Define tlie Possessive Case and its olFice. Def. 78. 

6. Does tlie Possessive Case always denote ownersliip or pos- 
session ? Ex. — Childrens' Shoes are high. Obs. 5. P. 84. 

7. Do Nouns in the Possessive Case more frequently perform 
the office of Nouns than of Adjectives ? Obs. 7, P. 84. 

8. What can you say of the Objective Case? Def. 79. 

9. When is a Noun or Pronoun in the Independent Case? 
Def. 80. 

10. Do Nouns change their forms to represent their Cases? 
Obs. 7. P. 80. 

11. Analyze and parse the words in Italics : My Book is new; 
JohvLS is old. Mine is little used ; Yours is soiled. John is a 
friend of mine. Does the word mine mean my friend'^ Test it 
by this example : John is my enemy ; but he is a friend of " my 
friend." Ex. P. 86. 

PRONOUNS. 

1. Define a Pronoun and its office. Def. 81. 

2. What do you mean by Antecedent? Obs. 1. P. 88. 

3. Give the Antecedents in the foUowins; : 

John is sick ; I siiw him yesterday. I ;un glad tliat Charles has received 
a good education, it is what few poor boys have the persevereuce to accom- 
plish. 

4. What does it personate in the following sentences ? 

It is 1. It is he. It is she. Who is it? It is they. It is the men. It 
is the children. It is the women. 

5. How many kinds of Pronouns are there ? Pr. P. 88. 

6. Define a Personal Pronoun. Def. 82. 

7. How many Personal Pronouns are there? 

8. Decline the Personal Pronouns. P. 89. 

9. What belong to Pronouns ? Pr. P. 89. 

10. How many Pronouns have a special form to denote sex ? 

11. Define the Relative Pronoun and its office. Def. 83. 



GRAMMAR. 57 

12. Which of the Relative Pronouns are declined to indicate 
the Cases? Def. 83. Obs. 3. 

13. When should we use who? When which ? When that? 
P. 92. 

14. What is there j^eculiar about the word wJiat7 Obs. 7. 
P. 92. 

15. What can you say of the words whoever, whichever, &c. ? 
Obs. 8. P. 92. 

IG. Parse as and than in the followins:: 

"Such as I have, give I unto tlice." "We have more than heart could 
wish." 

17. What is an Interrogative Pronoun ? Def. 84. 

18. Describe an Adjective Pronoun. Def. 85. 

19. How many distinct offices does every Adjective Pronoun 
perform ? Obs. 2. P. 94. 

20. Analyze and parse the following : 

Tliat that^ tJiat that little fellow nientioned, is such a troublesome that, 
that it might be considered a very mischievous little that. 

ADJECTIVES. 

1. Define an Adjective, and describe its office. Def. 86. 

2. How are Adjectives distinguished? Pr. P. 97. 

3. What is a Qualifying Adjective ? Def 87. 

4. Define a Specifying Adjective. Def 88. 

5. What are Proper Adjectives? Obs. 1. P. 98. 

6. What are Interrogative Adjectives ? Obs. 2. P. 98. 

7. How many classes of Specifying Adjectives are there ? Pr. 
P. 98. 

8. Define a Pure Adjective. Def. 89. 

9. Describe a Possessive Adjective. Def 90. 

10. What are Possessive Adjectives derived from. Note, P. 
99. 

11. Wliat are Numeral Adjectives? Def. 91. 

12. Define a Verbal Adjective. Def 92. 

13. How are Verbal Adjectives distinguished ? Pr. P. 100. 

14. How many Degrees of Comparison have Adjectives? Pr. 
P. 101. 



58 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

15. What does the Diminutive denote? Defo 93, 

1 6. Define the Positive Degree. Tlie Comparative Degree. 
Def. 94, 95. 

17. Wliat does the Superlative Degree express? Def. 96. 

18. How are Adjectives compared ? Obs. P. 102. 

19. Compare three Adjectives bj using er and est. 

20; Compare three Adjectives by using more and most. 

21, Compare three by using less and least. 

22. Compare three that ai'e Irregular. 

23 Compare after, top, round, square, triangular, infinite. 

24. Designate which of the following Adjectives are Qualify- 
ing, Specifymg, Verbal. Which can be Compared. Yv^hich are 
Pure, Numeral, Possessive, Transitive, Intransitive : Able, hold, 
eager, good, honest, that, three, infinite^ several, standing, loving, un- 
known. Give reasons for all your statements. Exercises, P. 103. 

25. What are Adjective Phrases and Sentences ? Rem. P. 
106. 

26. Give examples, with reasons. P. 106. 

VERBS. 

1. Define a Verb. How many kinds of Verbs are there? 
Def. 97. 

2. Vfhat is a Transitive Verb? Def. 98. 

3. What is an Intransitive Verb ? Def. 99. 

4. What is a Neuter Verb ? Def. 100« 

5. Form Sentences containing each kind of Verb. 

6. How many Voices have Verbs ? Pr. P. 108> 

7. Define an Active Verb. Def. 101. 

8. Describe a Passive Verb. Def 102. 

9. Give examples of each Voice. 

10. May Intransitive Verbs take the Passive form? Obs. 5. 
P. 109, 

11. Give an example of an Intransitive Verb in the Passive 
Voice. Obs. 5. P. 109. 

MODE. 

1. Define Mode, and tell how many Modes Verbs have. Pr. 
P. 109. 



GRAMMAR. 59 

2. What does the Indicative Mode indicate ? Def. 103. 

3. What does the Potential Mode indicate ? Def. 104. 

4. What are the si2;ns of the Potential Mode ? Def 104. 

5. What does the Subjunctive Mode indicate ? Def. 105. 

6. What Conjunctions are commonly used with the Subjunctive 
Mode ? Def 105. 

7p For what is the Imperative Mode used? Def. 106. 

8. What Person and Number is the Subject of the Verb in the 
Imperative, and what Tense is the Verb? Def. lOG. Obs 

9. When is a Verb in the Infinitive Mode? Def 107. 

10. What is the sign of the Infinitive Mode ? Def. 107. Obs. 

11. After what Verb is the sign to omitted ? Def. 107. Obs. 2. 

12. Give Sentences with Verbs in each of the Modes. 

PARTICIPLES. 

1. What is a Participle? From what is the w^ord derived? 
Def. 108. 

2. Describe a Simple Participle. Def. 109. 

3. What is a Compound Particij)le ? Def. 110. 

4. Define a Present Participle. Def. 111. 

5. Describe a Past Participle. Def. 112. 

6. Which Participle is Active? Def 112. Obs. 3. 

7. Which Participle is Passive? Def 112. Obs. 4. 

8. Are Participles ever used as anj other parts of speech ? 
Obs. P. 115. 

9. Write Sentences containing each of the Participles. 

10. What can you say of Participles being Transitive or In- 
transitive? Obs. 9. P. 114. 

TENSE. 

1. What does Tense mean? Def. 113. 

2. How many kinds of Tense have we? Def 113. Rem. 

3. How many Tenses have Verbs? Name them. Pr. P. 115. 

4. Define the Prior Past Tense or Pluperfect. Def. 114. 

5. What is the sign of the Prior Past Tense ? Def. 114. Obs. 

6. Define the Past Tense. Give an example. Def. 115. 

7. What is the si"rn of the Past Tense? Def 115. Obs. 



60 THE COMrLETE EXAMINER. 

8. Define the Prior Present, or Perfect Tense. Def. 116. 

9. What is the sign of this Tense? Def. 116. Obs. 3. 

10. What does the Present Tense denote? Def. 117. 

11. Has this Tense a sign? What is it? Def. 117. Obs, 1. 

12. What does the Prior Future Tense denote? Def. 118. 

13. Give the sign of this Tense. 
Ans. — Shall have, or will have. 

.14. What does the Future Tense denote? Def. 119. 

15. What is the sign of this Tense ? Def. 119. Obs. 

16. What is said about shall and wilH Def. 119. Obs. 

17. Correct the following where it is necessary: 

I will be drowned. No body shall help me. 

18. Write sentences in each of the Modes and Tenses. 

19. Analyze and Parse the following, giving reasons: 

" Could I forget what I have been, I might the better bear what I am des- 
tined to." 

CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 

1. What do you understand by the Conjugation of a Verb? 
Eem. P. 120. 

2. What is a Regular Verb ? An Irregular Verb ? Def. 120, 
121. 

3. How does the Regular Verb form its Past Tense, and Past 
Participle? Def. 120. 

4. What is a defective Verb ? Def. 122. 

5. Define an Auxiliary Verb. Give an example. Def. 123. 

6. What Verbs are sometimes Auxiliary and sometimes Prin* 
cipal? P. 121. 

7. Give examples of each. Def. 123. Obs. 

8. Conjugate the Irregular Verb Be. P. 124. 

9. Give a Synopsis of the Verb Study, by writing the First 
Person Singular in each of the Modes and Tenses. P. 126. 

10. Write out the Paradigm of the Verb ^^ Press" in all its 
Modes, Tenses, Persons, and Numbers. P. 130. 

11. Do the same Avith the verbs see, lie, say. P. 136. 

12. Write out the Present and Past Tenses, and Present and 
Past Participles of the following Verbs : 



GRAMMAR. 61 

a. Arm, arise, hear, hegin, beset, het, hid, hite, huild, chide, come^ 
h. cast, crow, cost, do, dare, dig, draw, dress, drive, eat, Jight, jiee, 

c. fly, forget, go, hang, hear, hide, hit, hold, hurt, lade, leak, let, 

d. mode, mean, outdo, pen, put, read, rid, rise, run, say, see, sell, 

e. set, sit, short, shine, smite, spill, spit, stove, stay, stick, swear, 

f. swim, teach, tell, tread, wax, iveep, wet, write. 

13. Define a Unipersonal Verb. Def. 124. 

14. Give examples to illustrate Unipersonal Verbs. 

15. Analyze and parse the following: 

^^Methinks it teas Clara.^" 

ADVERBS. 

1. Define an Adverb and its office. Def. 125. 

2. What may Adverbs consist of? Def. 125. Obs. 4. 

3. Write Sentences in which a ivord is an Adverb. In which 
a Phrase is an Adverl^- In which a Sentence is an Adverb. 

4. Into how many classes arc Adverbs divided? Pr. P. 151. 

5. Define an Adverb of Manner. Def. 126. 

6. What is an Adverb of Circumstance? Def. 127. 

7. Define Adverbs of Time and Place. Def. 127. Rem. and 
Obs. 2. 

8. How are Adverbs Modified? Prin. P. 158. 

9. Compare Soon. Wisely. Quickly. 

10. Parse the following: 

a. '■'' FroDi crag to crag thet/ passed.^* 
6. In a moment he flew quickly past. 

c. How is it possible not to feel a profound sense of the responsiblenesg 
of this Republic to all future ages. 

PREPOSITIONS. 

1. Define a Preposition and its office. Def. 128. 

2. By wdiat is a Preposition always followed ? 
Ans. — By a Noun or Pronoun, Phrase or Sentence. 

3. What is the Consequent term of relation in the following : 

a. The man of God was there. He stood before the people. 

b. Time spent in receiving impertinent visits is wasted. 

c. And cries of " Live forever," struck the skies. 



62 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER, 

d. It is not fit for such as us 

To sit with rulers of the land. 

4. Analyze and parse the following : 

To him, who in the love of Nature, holds communion •with her Tisible 
forms, she speaks a varied language. 

CONJUNCTIONS. 

1. Define a Conjunction and give its office. 

2. How many kinds of Conjunctions are there ? 

3. Do any other parts of speech than Conjunctions perform, the 
office of a Conjunction'^ OI)s. 6. P. 1G4. 

4. What can you say of Relative Pronouns, as connectives ? 

5. Example : 

"The grave, that never spake before. 

Hath found at length, a tongue to chide." 

EXCLA3IATI0NS. 

1. Define an Exclamation. Def. 130. 

2. Of what may Exclamations consist? Obs. 1. P. 165. 

3. By what are Exclamations or Interjections followed? Obs. 
P. 165. 

4. Give an example to illustrate Exclamations. 

5. Example: 

0. for a lodge in some vast wilderness ! 

WORDS OF EUPHONY. 

1. Define a Word of Euphony. Def 131. 

2. What is the office of a Word of Euphony? Obs. 1. P. 
166. 

3. Give an example to illustrate the office of such words. 

4. Analyze and parse the following : 

"There are no idlers here." 

5. Also the following : 

"I sit me down a pensive hour to spend.'' 
**fii§ teetli^ they chatter, chatter stilL" 



GRAMMAR. C3 

SYNTAX. 

1. Define Syntax. Def. 132. 

2. Define a Sentence, and tell of what it consists. Def. 132. 

3. "What are the Principal Elements of a Sentence ? Def 132, 

4. What are the Adjuncts of a Sentence? Def. 132. 

5. What is the Rule for the Subject of a Sentence? R. L 

6. State the Rule that requires a Verb to agree with its sub- 
ject. R. 2. 

7. Is it true that Verbs agree with their subjects in Number 
and Person ? R. 2. Rem. 

8. What Number must the verb be in when two or more sin- 
gular Subjects are taken together? Note 3. P. 196. 

9. A Collective Noun indicating unity, requires the verb to be 
in what Number? Note 4. 

10. A collective Noun indicating Plurality, requires the verb 
to be in what Number ? Note 7. 

11. When there are two or more Subjects taken separately and 
dijffering in Person, how many Verbs should there be, and how 
varied? Note 8. 

12. What Mode and Tense of a Verb should always be used? 
Note 9. 

13. Correct the following, if necessary : 

a. "The rapidity of his movements were beyond example.** 
h. "To study Mathematics require maturity of mind." 

c. " Wisdom and folly govern us." 

d. "An effort is making to abolish the war." 
c. "They don't ought to do it." 

/. Had 1 known the character of the lecture, I would not have went. 

14. What is the Rule for the object of an action or relation ? 
R. 3. 

15. What may the Object of a Verb be? 
Ans. — A Word, Phrase, or Sentence. 

16. How many Rules are required to parse Pronouns? 

17. Give them, and give examples. 

18. Give the Rule for the Independent Case. R. 6, 

19. State the Rule for Adjectives. R. 7. 

20. Give the Rule for Specifying Adjectives. R. 8. 



64 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

21. Correct the following, and give the reasons: 

a. William feels badly to nigbt, aud I feel sadly. 
6. How beautifully it looks. Note 4. P. 250. 

22. Where should an Adjective in Predicate be placed ? Note 
5. P. 251. 

23. Give the Rule for Adverbs. R. 9. 

24. What should be the position of Adverbs? Note 2. P. 
258. 

25. State the Rules, Notes and Obs. that apply to Participles. 
R. 10. 

26. Give the Rule, Obs. and Notes pertaining to the verb in the 
Infinitive. 

27. What is the Rule for Prepositions.^ R. 12. 

28. Give the important Obs. and Notes under the Rule. 

29. State the Rule and Obs. for Conjunctions. R. 13. 

30. What is the Rule for Exclamations? R. 14. 

31. State the Principal in regard to Words of Euphony. Pr. 
P. 279. 

32. What is the position of Words of Euphony? Note, P. 
279. 

33. Give the five General Rules for constructing Sentences. 
P. 280. 

34. Correct the following where it is necessary: 

a. "The bill passed the Lords' house, but failed in the Commons." 

b. "It is curious enough that this Sentence of the bishop's, is itself un- 
grammatical." 

c. " We should presently be sensible of the melody suffering." 

d. " Heaven opened widely her everlasting gates." 

e. James feels very badly about it. 

/. The sight appeared terribly to me. 

g. He mentions Newtons writing of a Commentary. 

h. In the choice they had made of him for restoring of order. 

i. To prevent it bursting out with open violence. 

j. They refused doing so. 

k. Entering the cars the seats were found to be all occupied. 

/. Clara helped me to work the Problem. 

7n. Necessity commands me to name myself. 



GRAMMAR. 65 

PROSODY. 

1. Define Prosody. Def. 1. P. 283. 

2. AYhat are Phrases ? How many kinds are there ? Def. 2. 

3. By what is utterance modified ? Obs. P. 283. 

4. Define Rliolorical Pauses. Obs, 2. 

5. Are Rhetorical Pauses indicated by marks ? Obs. 2. 

6. Define Grammatical Pauses. Obs. 3. 

7. ITow many characters are used in punctuation ? 

8. Name and make them. Obs. 3. P. 283. 

9. Describe the office of each of the characters. Obs. 4. P. 
283. 

10. Give the Rules, Ohs. and Exceptions for the Comma. 

11. Define the Semicolon. Give Rides and OhsAov the Semi- 
colon. R. 8, &c. 

12. What is a Colon? Give the Rule for it and Ohs. R. 9. 

13. Define a Period, and give the Rule for it. R. 10. 

14. What is the office of the Dash? R. 11. 

15. Define the mark of Exclamation. R. 12. 

1 6. What is the mark of Interrogation ? Rule for its use ? 



R. 1 



o. 



GRAMMATICAL AND RHETORICAL SIGNS. 

1. IMake the Grammatical and Rhetorical siii-ns. 

2. For what is the Apostrophe used ? Def 3. P. 289. 

3. What are Quotation marks, and when used ? Def. 4. 

4. Wiiat is the IIyi)hen ? How used ? Def 5. P. 289. 

5. Describe the Bracket and its use. Def G. 

6. What is the Parenthesis ? Def 7. 

7. Define the References and illustrate their use. Def. 8. 

8. What is the Brace used for ? Def 9. 

9. Illustrate the use of the Inflections. Def. 10. 

10. What do the Measures indicate? Def. 11. 

11. When is the Caret used? Def. 12. 

12. Explain the use of the Diaeresis. Def. 13, 

13. Wlien is the Index used? Def 14. 

14. Define the Section. Def 15. 

15. What do you understand by the Paragraph? Def 16. 



66 ' THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

16. Define Accent and Emphasis;. Def. 17, 18. 

17. What do }'ou understand by Composition? Def. 19, 

18. IIov/ many Ivinds of Composition are there? Def. 19. 

19. What is the difference between Prose and Poetry? Def 
19. 

20. Of what does verse consist ? Def 20. 

21. Describe Lyric Poety, and its various kinds. Def. 21. 

22. Describe Epic Poetry. Give examples. Def. 22. 

23. What is Dramatic Poetry ? Give examples. Def. 23. 

24. Define Didactic Poetry. Def 24. 

25. What is a Charade ? Def. 25. 

26. Give the proper name to the following: 

"Swans sing before they die ; 'twere no bad thing 
Should certain persons die before they sing." 

27. Define an Epitaph. Def 27. 

28. AYhat is Elegiac Poetry ? Def. 28. 

29. Define a Sonnet. Madrigal. Def. 29, 30. 

30. Define Pastoral Poetry. Ballad. Def 31, 32. 

VERSIFICATIOX. 

1. Define Versification. Blank Verse. Def 1, 2, 

2. What is Rhyming Verse ? What is a Verse ? Def 3, 4. 

3. Define a Hemistich. Couplet. Triplet. Def 5, 6, 7. 

4. What is a Stanza ? Foot ? Trochee ? Iambus ? Def. 8, 9. 

0. Define a Pyrrhic. Spondee. Dactyl. Anapest. Def 10. 

FIGURES. 

1. What are Figures? For what employed? Def. 1. 

2. What is a Grammatical Figure ? Def. 2. 

3. Define a Rhetorical Figure. Def. 3c 

4. Define and describe the use of Aphseresis, Apocope. Def. 
4, 5. 

5. Also Paragoge, Syngeresis, Prosthesis. Def. 6, 7, 8. 

6. Also Diaeresis, Syncope, Tmesis, Ellipsis. Def. 9, 10, 11, 
12. 

7. Define Pleonasm. Syllipsis. Enallage. Hyperbaton. 
Def. 13, 14, 15, 16. 



GRAMMAR. 67 

8. Explain the use of a Simile, Metaphor, Allegory. Def. 17, 
18, 19. 

9. Also Personification, Irony, Hyperbole, Antithesis. Def. 
21, 22, 23, 20. 

10. Also Monotony, Synecdoche, Apostrophe. Def. 24, 25, 26. 

11. Also Interrogation, Exclamation, Vision, Paralepsis. Def. 
27, 28, 29, 30. 

12. Also Climax, Anti-climax, Alliteration. Def. 31, 32, 33. 

13. What do you understand by Acatalectic? 
Ans. — A verse in poetry that is complete. 

14. Define Catalectic. 

Ans. — A verse lacking one syllable. 

15. Define Brachy catalectic. 
Ans. — A verse lacking two syllables. 

16. Define Hypercatalectic. 

Ans. — A verse with one too many syllables. 

17. What do you understand by Poetic License? 

18. Define Long Meter. Short Meter. Common Meter. 

19. What do you understand by Scansion or Scanning? 
Ans. — Act of counting the feet in a verse. 

20. Define the Ccesura. 

Ans. — The Ctesural pause is a metrical division in a verse. 

21. Scan the following, and give the Ctesural pause. Tell 
what kind of measure each verse is, whether the verse is Cata- 
lectic, Acatalectic, Brachy catalectic, or Hypercatalectic ; P. 297. 

"On a mountain stretched beneath a hoary willow." P. 297. 
"Rouse him like a rattling peal of thunder." P. 297. 
"Lo the sacred herald stands." P. 207. 
" Oh I have loved in youth's fair vernal morn." P. 297. 
"There is a calm for those who weep." P. 297. 
"But we steadfastly gazed on the face of the dead." P. 297. 
"Earth has no sorrows that Heaven can not heal." P. 297. 
"And there lay the rider distorted and pale." P. 298. 
" On the cold cheek of deatli smiles and roses are blending, 
And beauty immortal awakes from the tomb." P. 299. 

ABBREVIATIONS. 

1. What are Abbreviations ? 

2. Define the Abbreviations wherever they occur, and give the 



68 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

Abbreviations for terms wherever found; and give Sentences 
using the abbreviations and terms correctly. 

3. A. A. S.— A. B.— M. A.— A. B.— C. F. M.— A. C. 

4. Acct. — Before Christ. — Anno Domini. — Adjt. Gen. 

5. Administration. — Aet. — A. & F. B. S. — Agent. 

6. Give the Abbreviations for every State and Territory, and 
every month in the year. 

7. Aid. — Altitude. — A. M. — American. — Anon. — Apoc. 

8. April. — Archb. — Article. — Asst. Sec. — A. S. S. U. — Atty. 
Gen. 

9. B. A.— B.— B. L.— Bis.— Bm.— B. R.— Brig. Gen.— Bro. 
B. V. 

10. Captain. C. C. P. — Chron. County. Colonel. — Com. Arr. 

11. Cor. Cr. C. P.— C. P. C. P. S.— C. S.— C. W.— A. C. 

12. Dollar. Dwz. D. P.— Dr.— Dv.— Dut. Editor.— E. E. 
E.I. 

13. Epistle. England. Esquire. Etal and so forth. Exec. 
Com. 

14. F. A.— F. E. S.— F. R. S.— G. B.— Gen.— Gov.— H. B. 
M. 

15. H. E. I. C— H. M. Honorable.— Hon. Men. H. R. H. 
I.e. 

16. I. N. R. I.— Unknown.— I. O. O. F.— I. O. O. G. T.— 
Isaiah. 

17. J. V. D.— K. B.— K. C. B.— K. M.— L. C. Avct. of Song. 

18. Noon. M. C— M. D. Sentence.— M. R. A. S.— M. W. 
— N. B. 

19. New Mexico. N. F.— N. S.— N. F.— Obedient.— O. F. 
O. U. A. . 

20. P. Payt.— Ph. A.— P. M. G.— President.— Professor. 
Prox. P. S. 

21. Q. E. D.— Q. C— Q. R.— R. A. R. E.— Reg. Regt.— 
Rep. R. M.— R. R. 

22. Rt. Hon.— Rt. Rev. R. M.— S. A.— S. A. S.— Schr.— 
Scr'l. 

23. Sen. S. J. C— S. P. Q. R.— S. S.— S. T. A.~T. O.— Tr. 
— Trans. 



ARITHMETIC. C9 

24. Upper Canadca. U, E. I. C— U. K.— Univ. U. S.— U. 
S. A. 

25. U. S. M. Vers. Vol.— V. P.— V. R.— W. I.-— W. R. Xt. 

&c. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

ARITHMETIC. 

Remark. — It is unnecessary to speak of the importance of a thorough 
knowledge of Arithmetic. Most candidates are better prepared in this 
branch than in the others in which they are called upon to be examined. 
Those who fail are usually deficient in the reasons for the principles given. 
All candidates should therefore clearly understand the reasons for every 
point stated. 

Note. — The references in the questions on Arithmetic are to '■'■ Davie'' s 
University Arithmetic.'''' Ex. stands for example. Art. for article. 

1. What is Arithmetic? Define number. Unit. Primary 
base. Art. 4, 3, 1. 

2. Define Proposition. Analysis. Operation. Rule. Art. 
5, 6, 7, 8. 

3. How many fundamental rules ? Name them. Art. 9. 

4. HoAv many methods of expressing numbers? Name and 
describe them. Art. 10. 

5. What is Notation'^ How many methods? Give them. 
Art. 12. 

6. What are the three principles of this Notation? Art. 13, 
Note. 

7. Describe the Arabic Notation^ and give the laws governing 
it. Art. 14. 

8. On what does the unit of a figure depend? Art. 19. 

9. AVhat is the unit of the place on the right? Art. 19. 

10. Define Numeration, and give the rule for reading numbers. 
Art. 20. 

11. Give the rule for writing numbers. Art. page 28. 

12. What is an abstract number? Concrete number ? Sim- 
ple number? Art. 25. 

13. Define quantity. A compound denominate number. Art. 
28. 



70 THE COMPLETE EXAr.IINER. 

14. When several figures are simply written by the side of each 
other, what does the language imply ? Art. 29. 

15. In the English currency how many units of the lowest de- 
nomination make one of the second ? How many of the 2nd 
one of the 3rd ? Art. 30. 

16. In Avoirdupois weight how many of the lowest make one 
of the second? Art. 31. 

17. Define a scale. Tell how many liinds there are. "What 
are they ? Art. 32. 

18. What is the Scale in English currency? Avoirdupois 
weight? Art. 32. 

19. What is the scale in the common system of numbers? 
Art. 32. 

20. If a row of O's be written, what does the lanoi-uase of fin;- 
ures determine ? Art. 33. 

21. What is such a system called? How does the unit change? 
Art. 33. 

22. Are the numbers used in United States money abstract or 
concrete ? Art. 34. 

23. According to what scale do the units change ? Art. 3^. 

24. How are dollars reduced to cents ? From cents to mills ? 
Art. 34. 

25. What is an aliquot part? Name the aliquot parts of a 
dollar. Art. 34. 

26. In English currency is the scale uniform or varying ? Art. 
35. 

27. How many general methods are there of forming numbers 
from the unit one? What is the first? The second? Art. 37. 

28. Into how many general classes may the units of Arithme- 
tic be arranged ? Art. 38. 

29. Name the different classes. 

30. Give the various signs used in Arithmetic. Art. 39. 

31. What will be the excess over exact nines in any number 
expressed, by a simj)le significant figure ? Art. 40. - 

32. How may the excess over exact nines be found in any 
number whatever ? Art. 40. 



ARITIi:.IETIC. 71 

33. Define Reduction. How do you change yards to feet? 
Inches to i<i^i '^ Art. 41. 

34. Give the rules to reduce numbers from a lower to a higher, 
and from a hiofher to a lower order. Art. 41. 

35. Define Addition. Give rule and reason. Art. 42. 

36. Wliat is the proof of an operation in Addition? 

37. How many methods of proof are there? Explain each. 
Art. 43. 

38. What is the reading process in Addition ? Art. 44. 
30. Define Subtraction. Art. 45. 

40. Define Minuend. Subtrahend. Remainder. Art. 45. 

41. Give the rule and reason for Subtraction. 

42. How do you prove Subtraction ? 

'1-3. Explain the process of reading in Subtraction. Art. 47. 

44. How do you find the difference of time between two dates? 
Art. 49. 

45. In this computation what part of a year is a month ? Art. 
48. 

46. How many days are reckoned to the month ? Art. 48. 

47. What time does the civil day begin and end ? Art. 48. 

48. From one eagle, five dollars, six dimes, and ten cents, take 
five dollars, seven cents and four mills. Art. 48. Ex. 45. 

49. From a stack of hay containing nine tons three qr. 20 lbs. 
I sold 4 tons 17 cwt. 22 lbs.; how much had I left? Art. 48. 
Ex. 56. 

50. Explain the process and give the reasons for subtracting 
when the figure in the subtrahend is greater than the same unit 
in the minuend. Art. 45. 

MULTIPLICATION. 

1. Define Multiplication. Multiplicand. Multiplier and Pro- 
duct. Art. 49. 

2. Why is Multiplication called a short method of Addition ? 
Art. 49. (Note.) 

3. How many parts are there in every operation in Multiplica- 
tion ? Art. 50. 

4. What are the multiplier and multiplicand called? Art. 49. 



72 THE COMPLETE EXAMINEP 

5. Tell liow many principles follow from the definition of Mul- 
tiplication. Art. 50. 

G. In how many ways may 6X4 be multiplied together? Art. 
51. 

7. How do the products compare with each other ? What does 
this prove? Art. 51. 

8. What is a composite number? Give an exami)le. Art. 52. 

9. What are the ftictors of 9, 8, 12, IG, 11, 19, 108? Art. 52. 

10. What is a prime number? Give an example. Art. 53. 

11. If several factors be multiplied together will the product 
be altered by changing their order ? How do you multiply by a 
composite number? Art. 53. 

12. What is one factor ending in 0? In tv\^o O's? In three 
O's ? Art. 53. 

13. Explain the process of multiplying by G27. By 214. 
Art. 54. 

14. Explain the five principles which follow from this analysis. 
Art. 54. 

15. What is a partial product? Give the rule for Multiplica- 
tion. Art. 54. 

16. Why do you place the first figure of each product under 
its own multiplier ? 

17. What must be observed in the multiplication of U. S. 
money? Art. 54. 

18. HoAV many ways can you prove Multiplication? Art. 55. 

19. Give the first, with reasons. Second and tliird, with reasons. 
Art. 55. 

20. Give the proof by counting out the 9's. Art. 55. 

21. Do you consider the method by counting out the 9's a sure 
test for the accuracy of your product ? Art. 56. 

2"2. What do you understand by contractions in Multiplication ? 
How do you multiply when there are O's in one or both factors ? 
Art. 55. 

23. How far would a vessel sail in 9 days of 24 hours each, at 
the rate of 15 miles an hour? Art. 55. Ex. 50. 

24. At the same rate how long would a vessel be in sailing 
from Kenosha, Wis., to Singapore, India? 



ARITHMETIC. ( >> 

25. Give the course of the ship in the above example. 

DIVISION. 

1. Define Division. Dividend. Diviror. Quotient. Remain- 
der. Art. 57. 

2. How many parts in every division ? Name them. Art. 58. 

3. How many signs in Division ? i\Iake them. Art. 58. 

4. What is Short Division ? Exphiin tlie process. Art. 50. 

5. Give the rule for division of luimbers. Art. GO. 

G. How many operations i)i Long Division ? Name them. 
Art. 60. (Note.) 

7. Give the reasons for every step taken in Long Division. 
Art. GO. 

8. AVhen the divisor is greater than the dividend, how vrill the 
q'.iotient compare Avith one? What part will the quotient be of 
one ? Art. GO. 

9. How many methods are there for Division? Name them, 
with the reasons for each. Art. Gl. 

10. Are you satisfied with the proof by 9^8? Art. Gl. 

11. How long will 9125 loaves of bread last 5 families if eacli 
family consume five loaves a day? Art. 61. Ex. 61. 

12. If iron is worth 2 cents a pound, how much can be bought 
for $67? Art. 61. 

13. What did you say w-ere contractions in Multiplication? 
Art. 62. 

14. How do you multiply by 25 ? Art. 63. 

15. How do you multiply when the multiplier contains a frac- 
tion ? Art. 64. 

16. How do you multiply by 12 J? Art. 65. 

17. How do you multiply by 33^- ? Art. 66. 

18. Give the process and reason for multiplying by 125. Art. 
66. 

19. What are contractions in Division? Art. 68. 

20. Give the rules and reasons for dividing by 25. By 12 J. 
By 33f By 125. Art. 69. 

21. Under how many points of view may Division be regarded? 
Name them. Art. 69. 

4 



i 1 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

22. "What is the rule and reason for Division, when the divisor 
is a composite nunriber? Art. 70. 

23. AVhen there are remainders in Division, how do you find 
the true remainder in units of the dividend ? Art. 70. 

24. How do you divide when the divisor is 1 with ciphers an- 
nexed? Art. 71. 

25. What is tlie rule and reason for division when the divisor 
contains significant figures with ciphers annexed ? Art. 72. 

26. How do you divide when tlie divisor contains a fraction? 
Art. 7o. 

27. What does the analysis of a practical question require? 
Art. 74. 

28. How do you find the cost of any number of things when 
the price of unity and the number of things are given? Art. 71. 

29. How do you find the cost of articles sold by the hundred 
or thousand? Art. 77. 

30. How do you find the cost of articles sold by the ton ? Art. 
76. 

31. What is the object of division abstractly? How many ob- 
jects has it practically ? Name and give the rules and reasons 
for each. Art. 77. 

32. What is Practice in Arithmetic? Give the rules for solv- 
ing questions by it. Art. 77. 

33. What is an Aliquot Part? Give the table of Ahquot 
Parts of SI. Art. 77. 

34. Find by Practice what wdll be the cost of 335 bushels of 
potatoes at 3s. 6d. = 3^s. a busheL Art. 77. Ex. 20. 

35. Of what number is 365 both a divisor and quotient? 

LONGITUDE AND TIME. 

1. How is the equator of the earth supposed to be divided? 
Art. 78. 

2. How does the sun appear to move, and what is a day ? 
Art. 79. 

3. How far does the sun appear to move in one hour? Art. 
79. 

4. How do you reduce degrees of longitude to time ? Art. 80. 

I 



ARITHMETIC. < O 

5. How do you reduce minutes of longitude to time ? Art. 80. 
C). AVhat is tlie hour when the sun is on the meridian ? Art. 
81. 

7. When the sun is on the meridian of any place, how will the 
time be for all places East? West? Art. 81. 

8. If you have the difference of time, how do you find the true 
time? Art. 81. 

9. How do you reduce time to degrees and minutes of longi- 
tude ? Art. 82. 

10. Washington is in longitude 77° 2' west. New Orleans in 
89° 2' west. When it is 9 o'clock A. M. at Washington, what is 
the time at New Orleans ? Art. 82. Ex. 5. 

11. If the difference of time between London and Oregon city 
is 8 hours, what is the difference of longitude? Art. 82. Ex. 9. 

12. If a man travel 146 miles 7 furlongs 14 rd. 14 ft. in 5 
days, how much is that for every day ? Give the reasons. Art. 
82. Ex. Gl. 

13. How long will it take to count 20 millions at the rate of 80 
per minute? Art. 82. Ex. 11. 

14. What time would it be in Chicago when it was 12 M. at 
Boston ? Art. 82. Ex. 95. 

15. In 189 mi. 3 fur. 6 rd. 1 ft. how many feet? Art. 82. 
Ex. 58. 

PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS. 

1. What is an integral number? Art. 83. 

2. When is one number said to be divisible by another? Art. 
84. 

3. Define a composite number. Prime number. Art. 85, 86. 

4. When are two numbers prime to each other ? Art. 87. 

5. To what product is every number equal ? Art. 89. 

6. How do you find the prime factors of any number ? Art. 
89. ' 

7. How do you find the prime factors common to several num- 
bers ? Art. 90. 

8. What even numbers are prime ? What numbers will 2 di- 
vide? Art. 91. 



7G THE COMPIjETE EXAMINEE. 

9. What numbers will 3 divide ? 4 ? 5 ? 6 ? Art. 91. 

10. When will the divisor exactly divide the dividend? Art. 
91. 

11. When will any number divide a product, and why? Art. 
91. 

12. When will a number divide the sum of 2 numbers? Art. 
91. 

13. When will it divide either of them separately? Art. 9L 

14. When will a number exactly divide the difference of 2 
numbers? Art. 91. 

15. If a number divide the dividend and divisor, what other 
number will it always divide? Art. 91. 

1 6. What is a common divisor of 2 or more numbers ? Art. 
92. 

17. What is the greatest common divisor of two or more num- 
bers ? How do you find the greatest common divisor of two or 
more numbers ? Give reasons. Art. 93. 

18. What is the rule when the numbers are large? Art. 94. 

19. What is the greatest common divisor of 4617, 7695, 7642 
and 3038? Art. 94. Ex.6. 

20. Three persons, A, B and C, agree to buy a lot of 63 cows, 
at the same price per head, provided each man can thus invest 
his whole money. A has $286, B $462, and C $638 ; how many 
cows could each man purchase? Art. 94. Ex. 11. 

21. Define a multiple of a number. Art. 95. 

22. What is a common multiple of two or more numbers? 
Art. 96. 

23. The least common multiple of two or more numbers? Art. 
97. 

24. How do you find the least common multiple of two or more 
numbers? Art. 98. 

25. Find the least common multiple of 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54. 
Art. 98. 

26. Define Cancellation. On what principle does it depend? 
Art. 99. 

27. How do you perform the operations of cancellation ? Art. 
100. 



ARITHMETIC. 77 

_ 28. What is the quotient of 64 times 840 multiplied bj 9 times 
122, divided by 32 times 5G0, multiplied by 4 times 31. Art. 
100. Ex. 10. 

29. Give reasons for the solution of the last question. Art. 
100. 

30. What is the quotient of 2X^X8X13X7X16 divided by 
26X14X8. Ai't. 100. Ex. 1. 

COilMON" FRACTTOXS. 

1. What is a unit ? The unit of a fraction ? A fracttonal unit ? 
Art. 101. 

2. How do you distinguish between the one and the other? 
Art. 102. 

3. May a fractional unit become the base of a collection ? Art. 
102. 

4. Whjit is a fraction ? How are fractions expressed ? Art. 

5. What is the lower number called.^ The upper number? 
What does each denote ? Art. 1 02. 

6. What is the primary base of every fraction? Art. 102. 

7. How many units have been divided to obtain 6 thirds ^ 
Art. 103. 

8. To obtain 9 halves? 12 fourths? Art. 103. 

9. How may a whole number be expressed fractionally ? Art 
104. 

10. Does this change the value of the quantity ? Art. 104. 

11. If the numerator be divided by the denominator what does 
the quotient show? Remainder shoAv ? Art. 105. 

12. What form has the fraction? Art. 105. 

13. What seven principles can you mention belongino- to frac- 
tions? Art. 105. 

14. If the fraction is one and the fractional unit one 90th, ex- 
press 9 fractional units. Also 89. Art. 105. Ex. 5. 

15. What is a proper fraction? Give examples. Art. 106. 

1 6. What is an improper fraction ? Why so called ? Art. 107. 

17. Define simple fraction. May it be proper or improper? 
Art. 108. 



78 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

18. Define a compound fraction. Give examples. Art. 109. 

19. What is a mixed number? Give examples. Art. 110. 

20. Define complex fractions. Give examples. Art. 111. 

21. How many terms has every fraction? Art. 112. 

22. How may all the vvdiole numbers be formed? Art. 113. 

23. How may the fractional units be found? Art. 114. 

24. What part of one is one half? What part of 1 is every 
fractional unit? Art. Hi 

25. What is proved in proposition first? Art. 114. 

26. Give proposition II. and the principle involved in it. Art. 
115. 

27. Give proposition HI. and the reason of it. Art. 1 1 G. 

28. Give proposition IV. and the reason therefor. Art. 117. 

29. If both terms of the fraction be multiplied by the same 
number or quantity what effect will it have on the value of the 
fraction? Art. 119. 

30. If both terms of the fraction be divided by the same quan- 
tity how will the value of the fraction be effected? Art. 119. 

31. Give reasons for the last three propositions. 

REDUCTION OF FRACTIONS. 

1. Define reduction of fractions. Art. 120. 

2. When is a fraction in its lowest terms? Art. 120. 

3. How do you reduce a fraction to its lowest terms? Art. 
121. 

4. How do you reduce an improper fraction to its equivalent 
whole or mixed number? Art. 122. 

5. Reduce 39 1 to its equiA-alent improper fraction, and give 
rule and reason. Art. 123. 

6. Change 19 to a fraction whose denominator shall be 9. 
Give rule and reason. Art. 123. 

7. Reduce 4X3X4X5 to a simple fraction, and give rule and 
reason. Art. 124. 

8. Reduce f, f-f f, to a common denominator. Give rule and 
reason. Art. 125. 

9. How may the w^ork often be shortened? Art. 125. 



ARITHMETIC. 79 

10. How do you find the least common denominator of several 
fractions "i Give rale and reason, 

ADDITION OF FRACTIONS. 

1. What is the sum of two or more fractions? Art. 12G. 

2. Define addition of fractions. How many cases are there ? 
Art. 126. 

3. Add ^+1+1 and |, and give rule and reason. Art. 127. 

4. What is the sum of two fractions equal to when each nume- 
rator is equal to one? Art. 128. 

5. How do you add fractions having different denominators? 
Art. 129. 

SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS. 

1. Define subtraction of fractions. Art. 130. 

2. How many cases are there? Art. 130. 

3. From f take ^, and give rule and reason. Art. 131. 

4. What is the difference between two fractions whose nume- 
rators are each one? Give reason. Art. 132. 

0. How do you subtract one mixed number from another? 
Art. 133. 

6. From f of a ton take | of 12 cwt., and give reason. Art. 
134. 

MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS. 

1. Define multiplication of fractions. 

2. Give rule and reason for multiplying one fraction by another. 
Art. 135. 

3. When the multiplier is less than one, what part of the mul- 
tiplicand is taken ? Art. 135. 

4. Does multiplication of fractions always imply increase ? 
Art. 135. 

5. What part is the product of the multiplicand? Art. 135. 

6. What do you do when either factor is a whole number? 
Art. 135. 

7. Multiply J of I by f of y%, and give reasons. Art. 135. 

8. Bought a book for -{^^ of a dollar, and a knife for j% as much; 
how much did I pay for th.e knife ? Reason. Art. 135. 



So THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

9. If I own -/g of a farm and sell 1^4 of my share, what part 
of the whole farm do I sell ? Why ? Art. 135. Ex. 46. 

10. A owned f of 200 acres of land and sold | of his share to 
B, Avho sold ^ of what he bought to C ; how many acres had each ? 
Give reasons and rules for the operations. Art. 135. Ex. Gl. 

DIVISION OV FRACTIONS. 

1. Define division of fractions. Art. 13G. 

2. Give rule and reason for division of fractions. Art. 136. 

3. What do you do when either the dividend or divisor is a 
whole number? Art. 13G. 

4. How do you proceed v.hen cither of the fractions is a mixed 
number cr a compound fraction? Art. 136. 

5. If the terms of the dividend are exactly divisible by the 
corresponding terms of the divisor, how do }'ou find the quotient? 
Art. 136. 

6. Divide f by | and give clearly' the rule and reason. Art. 

i'J/ . 

7. If I of I of a barrel of flour will last a family one week, 
how long will 9y\ barrels last them ? Why? Art. 137. Ex. 84. 

8. Define a complex fraction and give rule and reason for re- 
ducing complex fractions to simple ones. Art. 138. 

495. 343 

9. What is the sum and difTerence of -~ and -— ? Art. 

97 146fx 

138. Ex. 10. 

10. A man being asked how many sheep lie had, said he had 
them in three fields ; in the first he had 03, which was | of wliat 
he had in the second, and that {; of what he had in the second 
was just 4 times what he had in the third. How many sheep had 
he in all? Art. 138. Ex.34. 

DUODECIMALS. 

1. What are duodecimals ? If the unit one foot be divided into 
12 equal parts, what is each part called? 

2. If one inch be divided into 12 equal parts, what is each part 
called? Art. 139. 

3. What are the indices ? Art. 139. 



ARITHMETIC. , 81 

4. By what rules do you operate on duodecimal units ? Art. 
140. 

5. What are the units of the scale? Art. 140. 

6. What is multiplication of duodecimals? Art. 141. 

7. Give rule and reason for multiplication and division of duo- 
decimals. Art. 142. 

8. From a cellar 42 ft. 10 in. long, 12 ft. 6 in. wide, were thrown 
158 cu. yds. 17 cu. ft. of earth; how deep was it? Art. 142. 
Ex. 8. 

DECIMAL FRACTIONS. 

1 . How many kinds of fractions are there ? What are they ? 
Art. 143. 

2. State the difference between a common and a decimal frac- 
tion. Art. 142. 

3. When the unit is divided into 10 or 100 equal parts, what is 
each part called ? Art. 144. 

4. How are decimal fractions formed? Art. 144. 

5. What gives denomination to the fraction? Art. 144. 

6. Is the denominator understood? Art. 145. 

7. How can you tell what every denominator is ? 

8. Which way are decimals numerated? Art. 145. 

9. On what does the unit of a figure depend? Art. 146. 

10. How does the value change from the left toward the right? 
Art. 146. 

11. Give the rule and reason for writing and reading decimals. 
Art. 146. 

12. Write 40 and nine ten milhonths. Art. 146. Ex. 8. 

13. What is the unit of Federal money? Art. 147. 

14. What part of a dollar is a cent? A mill? Art. 147. 

15. What effect does annexing a cipher have to the value of a 
decimal? Art. 148. 

16. What effect does prefixing a cipher have to the value of a 
decimal? Art. 149. 

ADDITION OF DECIMALS. 

1. What is addition of decimals? Art. 150. 

2. What parts of unity may be added together ? Art. 150. 



82 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

3. Give rule and reason for addition of decimals. ' 

SUBTRACTION OF DECIMALS. 

1. Give rule and reason for subtraction of decimals. Art. 151. 

2. How many places do you point off in remainder? Art. 151. 

3. From two hundred and twenty-seven thousandths take nine- 
ty-seven and one hundred and twenty ten thousandths. Art. 151. 
Ex. 24. 

MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMALS. 

1. After multiplying, how many places do you point off in the 
product? Give an example. Art. 152. 

2. When there are not so many places what do you do ? Art. 
152. 

3. Give rule and reason for multiplication of decimals. Art. 
152. 

4. Multiply two hundred and ninety -four millionths by one mil- 
lionth. Art. 152. Ex. 13. 

5 What effect does removing the decimal point one place to 
the right or left have on decimal fractions? Art, 154. 

CONTRACTIONS IN MULTIPLICATION. 

1. What is contraction in multiplication of decimals? Art. 153. 

2. What is pi'oposed in the example? Explain it. Art. 153. 

3. How are the numbers written down for multiplication? 
Art. 153. 

4. Give the rule and reason for this method. Art. 153. 

5. Where is the first figure of every product to be written, and 
how do you compensate for the part omitted? Art. 153. 

6. By this method multiply 4745.679 by 751.4549 and reserve 
only whole numbers in the product. Art. 153. Ex. 5. 

DIVISION OF DECIMAL FRACTIONS. 

1. Define division of decimal fractions. Art. 155. 

2. IIow do you determine the number of decimal places in the 
quotient? Art. 155. 

3. Give the rule for the division of decimals. Art. 155. 



ARITHMETIC. 83 

4. How do you divide a decimal by 10, 100, or 1000 ? Art. 
15G. 

5. How many suits of clothes can be made from 34 yds. of 
cloth, allowing 4.25 yd^;. for each suit? Art. 156. Ex. 30. 

6. If there are more decimal places in the divisor than in the 
dividend, what do you do ? What will the figures of the quotient 
then be? Art. 157. 

7. What do you do after you have brought down all the figures 
of the dividend? Art. 158. 

CONTRACTIONS IN DIVISION. 

1. What are contractions in division? Art. IGO. 

2. Explain the process of making the division. Art. IGO. 

3. What figures may be omitted in the contracted method? 

Art. 160. 

4. Give the reasons for contractions in division. Art. 160. 

5. Divide by this method 98.187437 by 8.4765618. Art. 160. 
Ex. 4. 

REDUCTION OF COMMON AND DECIMAL FRACTIONS. 

1. How do you change a common to a decimal fraction'^ Art. 

161. 

2. How do you change a decimal to the form of a common 

fraction ? 

3. A man owns | of a ship ; he sells 2% of his share : what 
part is that of the whole, expressed in decimals? Art. 161. Ex. 
19. 

DENOMINATE DECIMALS. 

1. Define a denominate decimal. Art. 163. 

2. How do you find the value of a denominate number in deci- 
mals of a higher unit? Art. 164. 

3. Give rule and reason for finding the value of a decimal in 
inteo-ers of less denominations. Art. 165. 

4. What decimal part of a mile is 72 yards? Art. 164. Ex. 
29. 

CIRCULATING OR REPEATING DECIMALS. 

1. How many cases are there of changing a vulgar to a deci- 
mal fraction ? What are they ? Art. 1 66. 



84 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

2. "What distinguishes one of these cases from another ? Art. 
1G6. 

3. How can you tell when a vulgar fraction can be exactly ex- 
pressed decimally ? Art. 1G7. 

4. How many decimal places will there be in the quotient? 
Art. 167. 

5. Can ^- be exactly expressed decimally? Art. 168. 

6. To what does the value of this quotient approach ? Art. 
168. 

7. When does it become equal to one third? Art. 168. 

8. Define a circulating decimal. Art. 169. 

9. What is a re2)etend ? Give an example. Art. 170. 

10. What is a single repetend ? A compound repetend ? Pure 
repetend? Mixed repetend? Similar repetend? Art. 171— 175. 

11. "What are dissimilar repetends? Conterminous repetends? 
Art. 177. 

12. What are Similar and Conterminous repetends ? Art. 178. 

13. Give the rule and reaso7i for reducing a pure repetend to 
its equivalent common fraction. Art. 178. 

14. How do you find the value of a mixed repetend? Art. 
180. 

15. How do you add circulating decimals? Art. 183. 

16. Give the rules and reasons for Subtraction, Multiplication, 
and Division of circulating decimals. 

17. Multiply 45.1^3 by ^245' and divide 3.753' by '24'. Art. 
186. Ex. 8. 

CONTINUED FRACTIONS. 

1. What is a continued fraction? Art. 187. 

2. Define an approximating fraction. Art. 188. 

3. Place If under the form of a continued fraction and find the 
value of each approximating fraction. Art. 188. Ex. 5. 

RATIO AND PROPORTION. 

1. Define ratio. Proportion. Art. 189. 

2. From how many terms is a ratio derived? Art. 190. 

3. What is the first term called? The second? Wliich is the 
standard? Art. 190. 



ARITHMETIC. 85 

4. How may the ratio of two numbers be expressed and read? 
Art. 191. 

5. What are proportional terras? Art. 192. 

G. Wliic'h are the extremes of a proportion ? The means ? 
Art. 193. 

7. What is the product of the extremes equal to'?~ Art. 194. 

8. On what principle is the rule for jn'oportion founded ? Art. 
194. 

9. What is Simple ratio? Compound ratio? Art. 195. 

10. Define and give the rule of Three, and reason for same. 
Art. 198. 

1 1 . How do you state a question by the rule of Three ? Art. 
199. 

12. At wliat time between G and 7 o'clock will the hour and 
minute hands of a clock be exactly together? Art. 199. Ex. 
46. 

13. A can do a piece of work in 3 days; B, in 4 days; C, in 
6 days^ in what time will they jdl do it, working together? Art. 
199. Ex. 49. 

CAUSE AND EFFECT. 

1. Define Causes, Simple and Compound. Art. 200. 

2. What are I^fi^ects, Simple and Compound? Art. 201. 

3. What do we infer from the nature of causes and effects ? 
Art. 202. 

4. When are two mnnbers directly proportional ? Art. 205. 

5. When are two numbers inversely proportional? Art. 205. 

6. If two num])ers are inversely proportional, what is either 
equal to ? Why ? Art. 207. 

7. If 72 horses eat a certain quantity of hay in 76 weeks, how 
many horses will consume the same in 90 weeks? Art. 208. 
Ex. 28. 

COMPOUND PROPORTION. 

1. Define Compound Proportion, and tell what it embraces. 
Art. 209. 

2. What is always required ? ^ Art. 209. 



86 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

3. Give the rule mid reason for compound proportion. Art. 
210. 

4. If 5 compositors in 16 days, Avorking 14 hours a day, can 
compose 20 sheets of 24 pages each, oO hues in a page, and 40 
letters in a line, in how many days, working 7 hours a day, can 
10 compositors compose 40 sheets of 16 pages in a sheet, 60 lines 
in a page, and 50 letters in a line? Art. 210. Ex. 19. 

PARTNERSHIP. 

1. Define Partnership. Partners. Capital or Stock. Art. 
211. 

2. What is dividend? Loss? Art. 211. 

3. Give rule and reason for Partnership. Art. 212. 

COMPOUND PARTNERSHIP. 

1. Defkie Compound Partnership. Art. 218. 

2. Give the reason, and not the rule, for compound partner- 
ship. ^ 

3. Where men take an interest in a mining company, A puts 
in $480 for 6 months, B a sum not named for 12 months, and C 
$320 for a time not mentioned; when the accounts were settled 
A received $600 for his stock and profit, B $1200 for his, and C 
$520 for his ; what was B's stock and C's time ? Art. 213. Ex. 
10. 

PER CENTAGE. 

1. Define per centage. What is the base? Art. 214. 

2. Define per cent. Rate per cent. Art. 215. 

3. How do you find the per centage of any number ? Art. 21 6. 

4. How do you find the per cent, which one number is of an- 
other? Art. 217. 

5. How do you find the base Avhen the per centage is added to 
or subtracted from the base? Art. 218. 

6. What per cent, of 800 is eleven? Art. 217. Ex. 9. 

7. A grocer purchased a lot of teas and sugar, on which he lost 
16 per cent, for selling them for $4200 ; what did he i^ay for the 
goods? Art. 218. Ex.4. 



ARITHMETIC. 87 

INTEREST. 

1. Define interest. Principal. Amount. Art. 219. 

2. Define rate of interest. What does per annum mean ? Art. 
219. 

3. How do you find the interest of any principal for any num- 
ber of years ? Give the analysis, with reasons. Art. 220. 

4. How do you find the interest for any time, at any rate? 
Art. 221. 

5. How do you find the interest on any principal for any time, 
at any rate? Art. 221, 222. 

6. Gave a note of $560.40, March 14th, 1855, on interest jifter 
90 days. What interest was due Dec. 1st, 1856, at 10 per cent.? 
Art. 222. Ex. 27. 

7. How do you find the interest when the principal is in pounds, 
shillings and pence? Art. 223. 

8. How many parts are there in every question in interest ? 
Art. 224. 

9. How many of these must be known before the remainder 
can be found ? Art. 224. 

10. How do you find the interest when you know the principal, 
rate and time ? Art. 224. 

11. How do you find the principal when you know the interest, 
rate and time? Art. 224. 

12. How do you apply the formula to any case? Art. 224. 

13. Give rule and reason for Partial Payments. Art. 225. 

14. For value received Ave jointly and severally promise to pay 
Jones, Mead & Co. or order, four hundred and fifty dollars on de- 
mand, with interest at 8 per cent. Manning & Bros. 

The foUowino; indorsements were made on this note : 
Sept. 25th, 1851, received $85.60. July lOth, 1852, received 
$20. June 6th, 1853, received $150.45. Dec. 28th, 1854, re- 
ceived $25,121. ]\Xay 5th, received $169. What was due Oct. 
18th, 1857 ? Art. 225. Ex. 6. 

COMPOUND INTEREST. 

1. Define Legal interest. Compound interest. Art. 227. 

2. Give rule for computing compound interest. Art. 227. 



88 THE COMPLETE EXAIvillN'Eil. 

0. Find by the table what $75 will amoant to in 10 3'ears 4 
mo. 21 days, at 7 per cent, compound interest. Art. 227. Ex. 
10. 

4. What will be the compound interest of S200 for 1 year 7 
mo. 9 da., at 5 per cent. ? Art. 227. Ex. 14. 

DISCOUNT. 

1. Define Discount. What is the face of a note? Present 
value ? Art. 228. 

2. What is the discount on any note ? Art. 230. 

3. Give the rule for finding the discount. Art. 230. 

4. Yv^'hat sum of money will amoun^ to $2500 in 2 y era's 7 mo. 
12 da., at 12 per cent.? Art. 230. Ex. 5. 

5. Which is the more advantageous, to buy sugar at 7^ cents a 
pound on 4 months credit, or at 8 cts. a pound on 6 months, at G 
per cent, interest? Art. 230. Ex. 13. 

G Bought land at $10 an acre; what must I ask per acre if I 
abate 10 per cent, and still make 20 per cent, on the purchase 
money? Art. 230. Ex.14. 

• BANKING. 

1. Define ^ank and BanJcing. Bank Bills. Art. 231. 

2. What is a promissory note ? Accommodation note ? Art. 
231. 

3. What are BUSINESS NOTES ? Days of grace? Art. 231. 

4. Write a note payable to bearer. A joint note. One pay- 
able at a bank. A negotiable note. Art. 231. 

BANK DISCOUNT. 

1. Define Bank Discount. When is the interest paid? Art. 
232. 

2. How is interest calculated by the customs of banks ? Art. 
232. 

3. What is the bank discount and proceeds of a note of $500 
at 6| per cent., payable in 8^ months? Art. 232. Ex. 3. 

4. What is the difference between the true and bank discount 
of $10,000, payable in 4 J months at 8 per cent.? Art. 232. 
Ex.8. 



AKlTUilETiC. Bi) 

5. How do you find* the face of a note of a required present 
value? Art. 232. 

COMMISSION. 

1. Define Commission and tell how you find the amount of 
commission on a given sum. Art. 234. 

2. How do yo'.i find the amount to be invested exclusive of the 
commission? Art. 234. 

3. A town collector received 4J per cent, for collecting a tax 
of $25G4.25 ; what was the amount of his per centage? Art. 
234. Ex. 7. 

4. A bank fails and has in circulation bills to the amount of 
$267581 ; it can pay 9 J per cent. : how much money is there on 
hand? Art. 234. Ex.8. 

STOCKS AND BROKERAGE. 

1. Define Corporation. Charter. Capital ov Stock, Shares. 
State Stocks. United States Stocks. Art. 236, 237. 

2. What is par value ? Market value ? Art. 238. 

3. When is the stock said to be above par? Below par? Art. 
238. 

4. What is dividend ? On what is it estimated ? Art. 239. 

5. Define Brokerage and tell how you find the value of stock 
which is above par. Art. 241. 

6. The par value of 257 shares of bank stock was $200 a 
share ; what is the present value of all the shares, the stock being 
at a premium of 15 per cent.? Art. 241. Ex. 3. 

7. How do you find the sum which will purchase a given 
amount of stock at par value ? Art. 242. 

8. How do you find the rate of interest on an investment when 
the stock is above or below par ? Art. 243. 

9. How do you find which is tlie best investment ? Art. 244. 

10. Which will yield the largest profit, 8 per cent, stock at a 
premium of 20 per cent., or 5 per cent, stock at 80 per cent. ? 
Art. 244. Ex. 3. 

PROFIT AND LOSS. 

1. Define Profit and Loss, and give rule and reason for finding 
profit or loss. Art. 240. 



00 THE COMPLETE EXAMIISEU. 

2. How do you find the cost when you know the per cent, and 
the amount of sale ? Art. 246. 

3. How do you find the selling price of an article so as to gain 
or lose a certain per cent. ? Art. 247. 

4. How do you find the per centage when you know the gain 
or loss ? Art. 248. 

5. Bought a piece of cotton goods for 6 cents a yard, and sold 
it for 7^ a yard ; what was my gain per cent. ? Art. 248. Ex. 2. 

6. If a merchant sell tea at G6 cents a pound and gain 20 per 
cent., how much would he gain per cent, if he sold it at 77 cents 
a pound? Art. 248. Ex.10. 

INSURANCE. 

1. Define Insurance. Policy. Premium. Art. 251. 

2. How many cases are there which arise in insurance ? What 
are they? Art. 252. 

3. Give the rule for finding the premium. Art. 253. 

4. What is life insurance? Art. 254. 

5. A merchant paid $1920 insurance on his vessel and cargo, 
which was 5^ per cent, on tlie amount insured ; how much did he 
insure? Art. 253. Ex.13. 

G. What do you understand by the expectation of life ? Art. 
255. 

7. What may be calculated from the necessary facts? Art. 
25 G. 

8. What will be the annual premium for insuring a person's 
life who is 60 years of age for $2000, at the rate of $4.91 on 
one hundred dollars? Art. 256. Ex. 5. 

ENDOWMENTS. 

1. Define Endowments. What does a table of endowments 
show, and what may be found from the table? Art. 257. 

2. What endowment at 21 can be purchased for $961 paid at 
the age of five years ? Art. 257. Ex. 2. 

ANNUITY. 

1. What is an annuity? Present value of an annuity ? Art. 

258. 



A:.Iili.uLT10. 91 

2. How Cio rod fiiicl t.Iio present value of an annuity for a given 
rate and time? Art. 258. 

0. What is the present vahie of an annuity of $1500 a year 
fji- 30 years, the compound interest being reckoned at 5 per cent.? 
Art. 258. Ex. 3. 

ASSESSING TAXES. 

1. What is a tax? Poll tax? How generally collected? Art. 
259. 

2. What is the first thing to be done in assessing taxes ? Art. 
260. 

3. Explain the process of finding the per cent, of tax to be 
levied on a dollar. Art. 260. 

4. How do you form the assessment table? Art. 261. 

5. Give the whole process required in making out a school bill, 
and tell on what principle founded. 

CUSTOM HOUSE BUSINESS. 

1. Define a port of Entry. Duty. Custom House. Art. 262. 
' 2. What charges are vessels required to pay? Art. 202. 

3. Under whose directions are the revenues of the country ? 
Art. 262. 

4. How are duties collected ? By whom? Art. 262. 

5. Define Specific duty. Ad valorem duty. Ark 262. 

6. What do the laws of Congress direct in relation to foreign 
^oods? Art. 263. 

7. Define gross weight. Net weight. Draft. Tare. Art. 263. 

8. What are the different kinds of tare? Art. 263. 

9. What will be the duty on 225 bags of cofiee, each weighing 
gross 1 60 lbs., invoiced at 6 cents a pound, 2 per cent, being the 
legal rate of tare, and 20 per cent, the duty ? Art. 263. Ex. 21. 

EQUATION OF PAYMENTS. 

1. What is Equation of Payments ? Art. 264. 

2. How do you find the average time of payment? Art. 264. 

3. May the equated time be reckoned from any day ? Art. 264. 
(Note.) 

4. A note for $500, dated Nov. 6th, 1856, payable in three 



92 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

months, v/as given by E to H. On Dec. 3d, E paid $350 '; when 
ought the balance to be paid to balance the account? Ai't. 264. 
Ex. 4. 

ALLIGATION. 

1. Define Alligation, and tell into how many parts it is divided. 
Art. 265. 

2. Define Alligation Medial, and tell how you find the price of 
the mixture. Art, '2(j(j. 

3. During the seven days of tlie Aveek the thermometer stood 
as follows: 70°, 73°, 73^°, 77°, 801°, and 81^; what was the 
average temperature during the v/eek? Ex. 5. Art. 266. 

ALLIGATION ALTERNATE. 

1. Define Alligation Alternate, and tell how it may be proved. 
Art. 267 

2. How do you find the Proportional Parts? Art. 268. 

3. How do you find the Proportional Parts when the quantity 
of one simple is given? Art. 269. 

4. How do you find the Proportional Parts when the quantity 
and the mixture is giA"en ? Art. 270. 

5. A farmer sold a number of colts at $50 each, oxen at $40, 
cows at $25, calves at $10, and realized an average price of $30 
per head ; v>^liat was the smallest number he could sell of each ? 
Ex. 3. 

6. A merchant has four pieces of calico, each worth 24, 22, 20, 
15 cents a yard ; how much must he cut from each piece to ex- 
change for 42 yds. of another piece worth 17 cents a yard? Art. 
270. Ex. 7. 

COINS, CURRENCY AND EXCHANGE. 

1. Define Coins. Currency and Exchange. Art. 271. 

2. What is nrovided by the Constitution of the U. States? 
Art. 271. 

3. HoAV many values may a coin be said to ];ave? Art. 272. 

4. Define each value. "What is a Bill of Exchange ? Art. 274. 

5. How many Parties are there to a bill of exchange? Isame 
them. Art. 274. 



arithmf:tic. 93 

6. Describe liow bills of excliange aid commerce, and name all 
the Parties to the bill in this example. Art. 275. 

7. Define an inland bill. A foreign bill. Art. 276. 

8. How is the time determined at which it is made payable ? 
How are bills always drawn ? Art. 277. 

9. How many bills are generally drawn for the same amount ? 

10. AVhat is an indorsement in blank ? A special indorsement? 
Art. 280. 

11. What is the Person making the bill called? Art. 280. 

1 2. What is the effect of an indorsement ? How may a bill 
drav/n to bearer be transferred? Art. 280. 

13. What is acceptance? How made? Art. 281. 

1 4. Tell all you can about maJdng, draiving and frotesting bills 
of exchange, and Par of exchange. Course of exchange. Art. 
282. 

15. What is the exchange value of a pound Sterling? Art. 
287. 

IG. In Avhat currency are the exchanges between this country 
and England made ? What is the commercial value of the Pound 
sterlimr ? Art. 288. 

17. I have $947.86 and wish to remit to London £364 18s. 8d., 
exchange being at 8^ per cent. ; ho\v much additional money will 
be neces.^ary? Art. 289. Ex.5. 

18. Describe the method of exchange with France. Hamburg. 

19. What amount in dollars and cents v/ill produce a bill of ex- 
change on Hamburg for 18649 Mares banco, exchange being at 
2 per cent, premium? Art. 291. Ex. 1. 

ARBITRATION OF EXCHANGE. 

1. Define arbitration of exchange. Art. 294. 

2. What principle is involved in arbitration of exchange ? 
Art. 294. 

3. What is the chain rule ? Explain it. Illustrate by an ex- 
ample. 

GENERAL AVERAGE. 

1. Define Averafre. General avera<xe. Art. 295. 

2. How many kinds of average are there ? Name them. Art. 
296. 



94 THE COMPLETE EXAMINED. 

3. Under what circumstances will a general average occur? 
Art. 296. 

4. How is the freight valued? Cargo? Ship? Art. 297. 

5. How much is charged on account of the Seaman's wages ? 
Art. 297. 

6. Explain the Principle by an example. Art. 297. Ex. 1. 

TONNAGE OF VESSELS. 

1. "What is the tonnage of a vessel ? Art. 298. 

2. To what are coasters subject? Art. 298. 

3. What is the government rule for finding the tonnage of ves- 
sels? Art. 299. 

4. What is the difference between the government rule and the 
ship-builder's rule ? Art. 299. 

5. What is the government tonnage of a double-decker, the 
length being 103 ft., breadth 25 feet 6 inches ? Art. 299. Ex. 4. 

INVOLUTION. 

1. Define Involution. Power. Root of Power. Third Power. 
Art. 300. 

2. What is the exponent of a Power ? How written ? Art. 
301. 

3. How many things are connected with every Power? Art. 
301. 

4. How do you find the Power of a number? Art. 301. 

5. Find the cube of 14f. The value (3.205)-. Art. 301. 
Ex. 36-42. 

EVOLUTION. 

1. Define Evolution. Square root. Cube root. Art. 302. 

2. How do you denote the square root? Cube root? Art. 302. 

3. What is a perfect square, and how many are there between 
1 and 100? Art. 303. 

4. Into how many parts may every number be decomposed? 
When so decomposed, to what is its square equal ? Art. 304. 

5. What is the first step in extracting the square root ? Art. 
305. 



ARITHMETIC. 95 

G. Give the rule and reason for extracting the square root. 
Art. 305. 

7. How do you extract the square root of decimal fractions ? 
Art. 30G. 

8. How of a common fraction ? Art. 306. 

9. Define a riHit ano-le. A Triaiiole. Art. 307. 

10. DL'fine a right-angled triangle. Hypothenuse. Art. 308. 

11. In a right-angled triangle to what is square of the Hypothe- 
nuse equal ? Why ? Art. 309. 

12. How do }'0U find the Ilypothenuse when you know the base 
and perpendicular? Art. 310. 

13. When you know the Ilypothenuse and one side, how do 
you find the other side? Art. 311 

14. Find the square root of 225. of |. Art. 300. Ex. 3 and 
13. 

15. What length of a rope must be attached to a halter 4 feet 
long, that a horse may feed over 2^ acres of ground? Art. 311. 
Ex. 16. 

1 G. Three men bought a grindstone which was four feet in di- 
ameter ; how much must each grind off to use up his share of the 
stone? Art. 311. Ex.17 

CUBE ROOT. 

1. What is the cube root of a number? Art. 312. 

2. When is a number a perfect cube? Art. 312. 

3. How many perfect cubes are there between 1 and 1000 ? 
Art. 312. 

4. Of how many parts is the cube of a number composed ? 
Art. 313. 

5. Name and describe them. Art. 313. 

6. Give and demonstrate the rule for extracting the cube root 
of a number. Art. 314. 

7. IIow do you extract the cube root of a common or a decimal 
fraction? Art. 315. 

8. How many places will there be in the root? Art. 315. 

9. What is the cube root of 46.656? Of 8.343? Art. 314, 
315. Ex. 3, 1. 



DG THE COMPLI-yfE i:Xz\MINF.U. 

10. What is tlie difference between half a cubic yard and a 
cube whose edge is half a yard? Art. 316. Ex. 6. 

11. If I put 2 tons of hay in a stack 10 feet high, how high 
must a similar stack be to contain IG tons? Art. 31G. Ex. 15. 

12. Four women bought a ball of yarn 6 inches in diameter 
and agi'eed that each should take her share separately from the 
surface of the ball ; how much of the diameter must each wind 
off? Art. 316. Ex.16. 

ARITHMETICAL PROGRESSION. 

1. Define Arithmetical Progression. Common Difference. 
Art. 317. 

2. What is a decreasing, and what is an increasing series? 
Art. 318. 

3. Which are the means, and which the extremes, of a pro- 
gression ? Art. 318. 

4. How*many parts are there in every Arithmetical Progres- 
sion? Art. 319. 

5. How many parts must be given before the remaining ones 
can be found? Art. 319. 

6. When you knovv" the first term, the common difference and 
tiie number of terms, how do } ou find the last term ? Art. 320. 

7. What will $200 amount to in 15 years, at 7 per cent, simple 
interest; the first year it increases S14, the second $28, and so 
on ? Art. 320. Ex. 3. 

8. When you know tlie extremes and number of terms, how 
do you find the common difference? Art. 321. 

9. How do you find the sum of the series? Art. 322. 

10. Having given the first and last terms, and tlie common dif- 
ference, how do you find the number of terms? Art. 823. 

11. A person proposes to make a journey and travel 15 miles 
the first day, and 33 miles the last, with a daily increase of 1^ ; 
in how many days did he make the journey, and what Avas the 
whole distance travelled? Art. 323. Ex. 2. 

GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION'. 

1. Define Geometrical Progression. Patio. Art. 322. 



ARITHMETIC. 97 

2. What is an increasing Series ? Decreasing Series ? Art. 
325. 

3. Define the terms, means and extremes of a Progression. 
Art. 326. 

4. How many parts arc there in every Geometrical Progres- 
sion ? Art. 326. 

5. How many must be known before the rest can be found ? 
Art. 326. 

6. Knowing the first term, tlie ratio, the number of terms, how 
do you find the last term ? Art. 327. 

7. The first term of a decreasing geometrical series is 720, the 
ratio I ; what is the 10 term ? Art. 327. Ex. 3. 

8. Knowing the two extremes and the ratio, how do you find 
the sum of the terms ? Art. 328. 

9. A merchant engaging in business trebled his capital once in 
4 years ; if he commenced v.'ith ^2000, what will his capital 
amount to at the end of the 12th year? Art. 327- Ex. G. 

10. A laborer agreed to thresh 64 days for a farmer, on the 
condition that he should give him 1 grain of wheat for the firit 
day's labor, 2 grains for the second, and double each succeeding 
day ; what number of bushels would he receive, supposing a pint 
to contain 7,680 grains, and what number of ships, each carrying 
1000 tons burden, might be loaded, allowing 40 bushels to a ton? 
Art. 328. Ex. 5. --^ 

ANALYSIS. • 

1. Define Analysis and tell wherein it differs from the ^'Rule 
of Threer 

2. By analysis find the cost of Vl\ lbs. of tea at 6s. and 8d. a 
pound, Pennsylvania currency. Page 329. Ex. 7. 

3. A general arranging his army in the form of a square, finds 
that he has 44 remaining ; but by increasing each side by another 
man, he wants 49 to fill up the square ; how many men had he ? 
Page 348. Ex. 103. 

4. If a ball 2 inches in diameter weighs 5 pounds, what will be 
the diameter of another ball of the same material that weighs 
78,125 pounds? Page 350. Ex. 120. 

5 



98 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

MENSURATION. 

1. Define 3Iensuration. Surface- Square. Art. 329, 330. 

2. What is a triangle ? Base of a triangle ? Altitude ? 

3. "Which side is the hjpothenuse of a right-angled triangle ? 
Art. 331. 

4. What is the area of a triangle equal to ? What is a rec- 
tangle ? 

5. Define a Parallelogram. Trapezoid. Art. 335. 

G. How do you find the area of a Parallelogram ? Square ? 
Rectangle, or Trapezoid? Art. 33 G. 

7. What is the area of a trapezoid whose parallel sides are 15 
chains and 245 chains, and the perpendicular height 30.80 chains? 
Art. 337. Ex. 5. 

8. Define a Circle. Radius. Center. Art. 337. 

9. How do you find the diameter when the circumference is 
known ? Art. 338. 

10. What is the area of a circle whose diameter is 5 ? Art. 
339. Ex. 2. 

11. How do you find the surface of a sphere? Contents of a 
sphere ? Art. 343. 

12. Required the area and contents of the earth, its mean di- 
ameter being 7918.7 miles. Art. 343. Ex. 5. 

13. How do you find the convex surface of a Prism? Its con- 
tents? Art. 346. 

14. What is a cylinder? How do you find its convex surface? 
Art. 348. 

15. What are the contents of a cylinder the diameter of whose 
base is 25 feet, and altitude 15 ? Art. 349. Ex. 5. 

IG. Define a pyramid. How do you find the contents of a 
pyramid? Art. 351. 

17. A Pyramid with a square base, of which each side is 15, 
has an altitude of 24; what are its contents? Art. 351. Ex. 7. 

18. Define a cone. How do you find the contents of a cone? 
Art. 353. 

19. What are the contents of a cone whose altitude is 27 feet, 
and the diameter of the base 20 feet ? Art. 353. Ex. 4. 



ARITHMETIC. . 99 

GAUGING. 

1. What is a cask gauging? How many varieties of casks are 
there ? 

2. Give the rule for finding the mean diameter. Art. 356. 

3. How do you find the contents in cubic inches? Art. 357. 

4. How many wine gallons in a cask of which the head diame- 
ter is 24 inches, bung diameter 3G inches, and length 3 feet G 
inches, the cask being of the second variety ? Art. 357. Ex. 4. 

MECHANICAL rOAVERS. 

1. How many simple machines are there ? Art. 358. 

2. Name and describe each. Describe each variety of levers. 
Art. 301. 

3. When is an equilibrium produced in all the levers ? 

4. AYhat is the i>roportion between the weight and power? 
Art. 3G2. 

5. In a lever of the third, the distance from the fulcrum to the 
weight is 12 feet, and to the power 8 feet; what power will be 
necessary to sustain a weight of 100 lbs.? Art. 362. Ex. 8. 

rULLEY. 

1. Define a pulley. How many kinds are there? Art. 365. 

2. Does a fixed or movable pulley give any increase of power? 
Art. 366. 

3. What advantage will be gained by several movable pulleys? 
Art. 367. 

. 4. In two movable pulleys with 4 cords, what power will sup- 
port a weight of 100 lbs. ? Art. 368. Ex. 3. 

5. Define an inclined Plane. Wedge. What used for. Art. 
381. 

6. Define a Screiv. Nut. What is the power of a screw ? 
Art. 381. 

7. If a power of 300 lb?, applied at the end of a lever 15 feet 
long will sustain a weight of 282,744 lbs., what is the distance 
betvv^een the threads of the screw ? Art. 381. Ex.4. 



100 THE C03rP.LETE EXAMINER. 

UNIFORM MOTION. 

1. Define uniform motion. Velocity of a moving body. Art. 
383. 

2. To what is the space passed over in a unit of time equal ? 
Art. 384. 

3. To what is tlie space j)assed over in uniform motion equal ? 

LAWS OF FALLING BODIES. 

1. How does the velocity of a falling body change? Art. 386. 

2. State and explain the four principles involved in failing 
bodies. Art. 386. 

3. How far will a body ascend when projected upwards ? Art. 
387. 

4. Are the above laws perfectly or only approximately true ? 
Art. 388. 

0. A stone is dropped from the top of a bridge and strikes the 
water in 2.5 seconds ; what is the height of the bridge ? Art. 
388. Ex. 9. 

0. A rocket is projected vertically upwards with a velocity of 
386 feet; after what time will it begin to fall, and to what height 
will it rise ? Art. 388. Ex. 15. 

SPECIFIC GRAVITY. 

1. Define speciiic gravity. What is the standard for measuring 
the specifiG gravity of a body ? Art. 389. 

2. How do you find the specific gravity of a body ? Art. 389. 

3. A piece of copper weighs 93 grains in air, and 82| grains 
in water; what is its specific gravity? Art. 389. Ex. 1. 

4. What v,reight of marcury will a conical vase contain of which 
the radius of the base is 9 inches, and the altitude 34 inches, the 
specific gravity of the mercury being 13.596 ? Art. 389. Ex. 
15. 

5. To what is the volume of a vapor or gas proportional? 

Art. 390. 

6. To what is its density proportional ? 

7. Eight quarts of hydrogen gas are contained in a vessel and 
submitted to a pressure of 22 lbs. ; how many quarts of gas will 



ARITHMETIC. 101 

there be if the pressure is changed 9 J pounds ? Art. 390. Ex. 
G. 

APPENDIX. 

jifoTK. — The design and limit of this work require that tlie questions on this part of 
Arithmetic be comprehensive. 

1. Name and tell how many kinds of units there are in Aritn- 
metic. Art. 991. 

2. Describe an abstract unit, and each unit in its order. Art. 
392. 

3. Describe the unit of currency. Length. Weight. Surface. 
Time. 

4. Repeat accurately the tables of the various units in their 
order: First, U. S. money. Art. 404. 2d, English money. 
Art. 406. 

5. 5th, Table of Linear Measure. Art. 407 

6. Cloth Measure. Art.'^410. 

7. Square Measure. Art. 411. Surveyor's Measure. Art. 
412. 

8. Cubic Measure. Art. 413. Wine Measure. Art. 414. 
Beer Measure. 

9. Dry Measure. Art. 416. Avoirdupois "Weight. Art. 417. 
Troy Weight. 

10. Apothecaries' Weight. Art. 419. Measure of Time. 
Circular Measure. 

11. Miscellaneous Table. BooJcs and Paper. Art. 422. 

Remark. — Many additional questions might be proposed in this branch. 
But the candidate who answers accurately the foregoing questions, assign- 
ing reasons for his views, need not fear an Examination before any Board 
of Examiners in this branch. 

Solve the following : 

For value received, seven years from date, I promise to pay the Kenosha 
and Mississippi Cotton Growing Association $7897.80, in seven equal annual 
fayments^ at seven per cent, compound interest. What sum must be paid 
each year? 

Kenosha, Wis., Jan. 23, 1864. I. S. 



102 THE COMrLETi: EXAMINER. 

CHAPTER IX. 

HISTORY. 

No Student, much less a Statesman, doubts that a clear and accurate 
kno\Yledge of History is of intrinsic vakie in itself; grand in its consequen- 
ces on nations and men, and the destinies of each. But neA'er so impor. 
tant at any time or to any class, as at this hour, and to the youth of our 
land. It is not asking then too much, to demand that all Teachers should 
be well read in General History. 

Note. — The following i^eferences in the questions on History are to "Mil- 
liard's Universal History." P. stands for page. 

1. What is History? 

Ans. — History is a narrative of past events of individuals. States and 
Nations. 

2. State what you can concerning the earliest history of man. 
P. 33. 

8. What can you say of the ancient empire of Assyria ? 
Egypt? P. 36. 

4. Mention briefly the history of the IsraeUtes or Jews. P. 
39. 

0. What can you say of Palestine ? Phoenicia ? Greece ? 
Troy ? P. 43-47. 

6. What can you say of the Persian Empire under Cyrus ? 
P. Go. 

7. State briefly what you can of Macedonia and Alexander the 
Great. P. 85. 

8. Give a brief sketch of Roman History. P. 88. 

9. What became of the empire of Alexander after his death? 
P. 99. 

10. What caused the decline of the Roman Empire ? P. 125- 
140. 

11. Mention a few facts connected with the rise of Christianity. 
P. 144. 

12. Describe the nations formed on the ruins of the Roman 
Empire. P. 184. 

13. Describe briefly Mahomet, his flight and religion. P. 191. 

1 4. Give a short narrative of Charlemagne and his efforts. P. 
203. 



iiisTOKr. 103 

15. State the most prominent events of Britain, Germany and 
France. P. 207, 215, 220. 

1 6. What can you say of Pilgrimages ? Chivah-y ? The 
Crusaders ? P. 225. 

17. Give a brief account of the Greek Empire. Germany. 
Turkey. P. 231-244. 

18. Mention the important events of England. The war of 
the Roses. P. 251-264. 

19. What can you say of S^mnish Inquisitions? Italy? P. 
272-280. 

20. In what war was Spain engaged in the year Columbus dis- 
covered America ? P. 279. 

MODERN HISTORY. 

1. At what period does modern history begin? P. 291. 

2. Give a brief account of Columbus and the discovery of 
America. P. 301. 

3. What can you say of Martin Luther and the Reformation ? 
P. 315. 

4. Mention what you can concerning Henry YIII. John Knox. 
Cromwell. P. 322. 

5. Give a short account of Queen Elizabeth and the events 
under her reii2:n. P. 329. 

6. Give some account of the Huguenots, and the Massacre of 
Bartholomew. P. 341. 

7. State what you can of the Scandinavian nation. Of Gus- 
tavus Adolphus. P. 349. 

8. Give some account of Henry IV. of France. Of Richelieu. 
P. 355. 

9. Describe the Gunpowder plot. Long Parliament. John 
Hampden. P. 357. 

10. Give some account of the beheading of Charles I. and 
Oliver Cromwell. P. 363. 

11. Give some account of Europe during the war of Spanish 
succession. P. 385. 

12. State the result of the thirteen years' war of the Spanish 
succession. P. 386. 

13. What can you say of Peter the Great? 



1^'^ THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

GENERAL QUESTIONS. 

14. Give some account of the treaty of Utrecht and the your-r 
Pretender. P. 403, 411. 

15. Eelate briefly the life and character of '' Tlie Great Com- 
moner." 

16. State what you can concerning Alfred the Great. P. 209. 
William the Conqueror. P. 213. Frederick the Great P 
415. 

17. Give an account of Napoleon, his war, and o-eneral^ P 
443. 

18. Relate the principal events of " 77ie hundred daiisr P 
463. 

19. Describe the ''Holy alliance'' of 1815, and its effect P 
483. 

20. What led to the Partition of Poland ? P. 417. 

UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

1. When and by whom was America discovered? 

2. When and by whom was St. Lawrence discovered ? P. 364. 

3. When and by whom was the first settlement in the U. S. 
made? P. 364. 

4. Who discovered Florida ? Where was the first English set- 
tlement made in the U. S. ? P. 365. 

5. What is said of Captain Smith? Relate the heroism of 
Pocahontas. P. 365. 

6. Relate the events and results of the sailing of the May 
Flower. P. 365. 

7. Who came over in the May Flower ? Where did they set- 
tle? P. 365. 

8. What caused the Pilgrims to make new homes in this west- 
ern wilderness? P. 365. 

9. Who discovered the Hudson River? What towns did the 
Dutch form? P. 366. 

10. Give a brief account of the "Okl French War." P. 413. 

11. Give an account of the battle on the Heights of Abraham 
Of Wolf. P. 415. 



histOuy. 105 

12. Who was Governor of Virginia in 1753? Who of Cana- 
da? P. 423. 

13. Whom did the Governor send on a mission to Canada in 
winter? F. 423. 

14. What was the occasion of the Congress of delegates at 
Albany, in 1754? P. 423. 

15. What plan was there drawn up, and by whom ? P. 423. 

16. What prmctples early found a home in America? P. 424. 

17. Was the mother country satisfied with these principles? 
P. 424. 

IB. "\Yliat occurred at Braddock's field? At West Edward? 
P. 425. 

19. Relate the events of the campaign of 1759, under Gen. 
Amherst and Wolfe. P. 426. 

20. Give a clear account of the Stamp Act. P. 426. 

21. How did the Americans regard it? Where did their Con- 
gress first meet? P. 427. 

22. Describe clearly the occasion and place of the Jirst battle, 
and its result. P. 427. 

23. What can you say of the Continental Congress at Phila- 
delphia? P. 427. 

24. When was Washington appointed Commander-in-Chief of 
the American forces ? P. 427. 

25. What took place at Boston, on the 17th of March? P. 
428. 

AMEKICAN INDEPENDENCE. 

1. What is the Birth-day of the American Independence? P. 
431. 

2. What was the most disastrous defeat of the war? P. 431. 

3. What did Washington do on the 26th of Dec., 1776? P. 
432. 

4. What 3iobIe foreigner arrived here in the winter of 1776- 
77? P. 432. 

5. Relate the successes of the British in Pennsylvania. P. 
432. 

6. Relate the battles of Bennuigton. Stillwater. Saratoga. 
P. 432. 



106 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

7. What important event followed the battle of Saratoga ? P. 

432. 

8. Give an account of the battle of Monmouth and its results. 

P. 433. 

9. Relate the capture of Charleston, the battle of Camden and 
Eutaw Springs. P. 433. 

10. What did Lord Cornwallis threaten to do to '^ The hoy" 
Lafayette ? P. 433. 

11. Relate the operations of Washington until he arrived at 
Yorkrown. P. 434. 

12. By whom were the British invested by sea? P. 434. 

13. What was the glorious results of these combined operations? 
P. 434. 

14. What other disasters did Great Britain meet? P. 434. 

15. By what treaty did Great Britain acknowledge the Ameri- 
can Independence? P. 434. 

16. What territories did Great Britain lose by this treaty? P. 
434. 

17. Give an account of the deportment of Washington after 
peace. P. 435. 

18. What can you say of the Articles of Confederation? P. 
435. 

19. When was the Constitution of the U. S. adopted? P. 
435. 

20. Who was the first President, and who formed his Cabinet ? 
P. 435. 

21. Give the history of the members of this first Cabinet dur- 
ing their private lives. P. 435. 

22. Give an account of all the Presidents and their Cabinets, 
in their order. 

23. What led to the war of 1812 ? P. 465. 

24. Who was King of England at the time of the American 
Revolution ? P. 465. 

25. Who was the Prime Minister of England at the same 
time? P. 465. 

26. What important engagement at New Orleans in 1815? 
P. 487. 



HISTORY. 107 

27. When was the treaty of peace signed that ended this war ? 
P. 488. 

28. Wlio was leader of the Nullijication Party of S. C, in 
1832? P. 490. 

29. What was the result of this effort of S. C. ? P. 490. 

30. Give the history of the National Bank and its opposition. 
P. 491. 

MEXICAN WAR. 

Note. — The references in the following questions are to " Willard's Last 
Leaves." 

1. Who discovered Texas? Ans. — La Salle. Who was he? 

2. What led to the Texan Independence? P. 27. 

3. Give an account of the MastJacre at Goliad. P. 27. 

4. What led to the war with Mexico? P. 30 and 31. 

5. Give a general account of the Commanders and forces on 
both sides, and the various battles and results of the war. P. 31- 
105. 

SECESSION AND ITS CONSEQUENT REBELLION. 

1. Give a brief account of the causes of the Southern Rebell- 
ion. 

2. When did S. C. Secede? Mississippi? Florida? Ala- 
bama? Georgia? Louisiana? Texas? Tennessee? Virginia? 

3. State what you can concerning the attack upon and evacua- 
tion of Fort Sumter. 

4. When did the President call for 75,000 Volunteers ? April 
15th, 18G1. 

5. State what occurred on April 19th, 1861, as the 6th Mass. 
Peg't were passing through Baltimore. 

6. When did the rebels seize the U. S. forts ? 

7. Relate the events of the first battle of Bull Run, July 21st, 
1861. 

8. When and by whom was Fort Hatteras captured ? New 
Orleans ? 

9. At what engagement was Gen. Lyon killed ? 

10. State the events incident to the capture of Mason and Sli- 
delL 



108 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

11. Describe the engagement between the Monitor and Mer^ 
RiMAC. Oiher Naval en^asjements. 

12. Give an account of the battle of Pea Ridgcy Ark. Fort 
Henry, Tenn. 

13. State the events of the hattle and surrender of Fort Donel- 
son to Gen. Grant. 

14. When was Nashville, Tenn., occupied by our forces? 

15. Give an account of the occupation of Columbus, Ky., by 
our forces. 

1 6. What can you say of the attach on Island No. 10? Battle 
of Winchester? 

17. Relate the events of the siege of Yorktown. Capture of 
Fredericksburg. 

18. The fight at Strasburg, Va. The battle of Pittsburg Land- 
ing. 

19. State the events of the Siege of Vicksburg by Gen. Grant, 
and Port Hudson by Gen. Banks. 

20. What caused and followed the evacuation of Corinth by 
the rebels? 

21. Relate the events of the seven days battle on the Penin- 
sula. 

22. Also the battles of Fair Oaks, Seven Pines, and White 
Oak Swamp. 

23. Give an account of the battles of Perrysville, Stone River, 
Chickamauga, 3Iission Bridge and Knoxville. 

24. When did the Bill to abolish Slavery in the District of Co- 
lumbia pass Congress ? 

25. When did President Lincoln issue his Emancipation Pro- 
clamation ? Mention any other important erents and results of 
this wicked Rebellion. 

Note. — The questions on General History could have been multiplied to almost any ex- 
tent ; but the above are sufficient, if the candidates are prepared to answer them ; if not, 
they are surely sufficient. 



PHYSIOLOGY. 109 

CHAPTER X. 
PHYSIOLOGY. 

Tl:ie following references in the questions on Physiology are to Gutter's 
Anatomy, Physiology and Hygiene. 

KoTE. — If Agesilaus gave a correct reply when he was asked "What 
should boys learn?" by saying, "Those things which they will j^tractice 
when they become men : " then it is clear that teachers should be qualijied 
to teach Fhysiology thoroughly. 

ANATOMY. 

1. What is Anatomy? How is it divided? P. 13. 

2. What is Physiology, and Low is it divided? P. 13. 

S. lYiuit is Vegetable Physiology ? Animal Physiology ? P. 

1o 
O. 

4. What is Comparative Physiology ? What is Hygiene ? P. 
13. 

5. What is the difference between an Organic and Inorganic 
body? P. 14. 

6. How do plants grow ? How do animals grow ? P. 15. 

7. What can you say of disease ? 

8. Is the study of Physiology important to all ? Why ? 

9. Why is it especially important to Students ? 

STRUCTURE OF MAN. 

10. What can you say of the structure of Man? P. 17. 

11. What substances enter into the structure of the human 
body? P. 17. 

1 2. Define Fibre. Muscle. Tissue. Organ. 

13. What is the Serous Tissue? Dermoid Tissue? P. 20. 

14. What is the Adipose Tissue ? Cartilaginous Tissue ? P. 
22. 

15. Define the Osseous Tissue? Muscular Tissue? P. 23. 

16. Define the Mucous Tissue. Nervous Tissue. P. 24. 

17. What can you say of the Chemistry of the Human body? 
P. 25. 

CHEMISTRY OF THE HUMAN BODY. 

1 8. What is an ultimate element ? 



110 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

19. Name such elements as enter into the composition of Man. 
P. 25. 

20. What is Mucus? Fchriu'i Gelatin? Albumen? P. 27. 

21. What are Bones ? Give the anatomy of the bones. P. 29. 

THE BONES. 

22. What is a natural skeleton ? Compositidn of bones ? P. 
29. 

23. When does true Ossification commence ? P. 30. 

24. How many bones in the human body ? P. 32. 

25. How are they divided? Give the anatomy of the bones 
of the head. P. 32. 

26. What are Sutures and their uses? How many bones has 
the ear? P. 34. 

27. How many bones in the trunk ? Name them. P. 34. 

28. How many bones in the face ? Name them. P. 34. 

29. Describe the Thorax. Describe the Spinal Column. P. 
36. 

30. Give the structure of the Vertebra;. P. 36. 

31. Give the anatomy and structure of the bones of the upper 
and lower extremities. P. 39. 

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE BONES. 

32. Give the Physiology of the -bones. P. 48. 

33. To what may the bones be compared ? P. 48. 

34. Give the Hygiene of the bones. P. 53. 

35. What effect has exercise upon the bones? P. 53. 

36. What effect has inaction on the bones? P. 53. 

37. What can you say in regard to teachers requiring their 
young pupils to remain in one i")Osition for a long time? P. 54. 

38. How should benches and chairs be constructed in the school 
room? P. 55. 

39. Why should compression of the chest be avoided? P. ^Qi. 

40. What should be the position of pupils in the school room ? 
P. 58. 

41. What is one cause of rickets? P. 62. 



Ill 

PHYSIOLOGY. ^^^ 



THE MUSCLES. 

42. What is a Muscle ? P'osciculi ? P. 64. 

43. Give their Anatomy and their Structure. P. 64. 

44. Describe the Diaphragm. To what is it compared? P. 

72. 

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MUSCLES. 

^ 45. Give the Physiology of the Muscles. P.^76. 

46. Give the Hygiene of the Muscles. P. 85. 

47. Why do muscles increase in size when exercised ? P. 85. 

48. Why should not small children be confined in one position 

for a long time ? P. 87. 

49. Why should not severe labor be imposed on small children.'' 

P. 88. 

50. How should exercise be taken? P. 91. 

51. What kinds of exercise are best? P. 92. 

52. What effect has the mind on the muscular system ? P. 03. 

53. How should the child be taught to sit at the desk? P. 99. 

54. Why have so many pupils failed in acquiring good pen- 
manship? P. 103. 

THE TEETH. 

55. What can you say of the teeth? P. 105. 

56. Where and how are the teeth formed? P. 107. 

57. Give the names of the permanent teeth. P. 107. 

58. Into how many parts are the teeth divided? P. 108. 

59. Give the Physiology of the teeth. P. 109. 

60. Give the Hygiene of the teeth. P. 110. 

61. Why is smoking injurious to the teeth? P. 111. 

THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 

1. Which are the Digestive Organs? P. 113. 

2. Give the Anatomy of the Digestive Organs. P. 113. 

3. How many Glands about the mouth? Name them. P. 114. 

4. Explain the office of the Stomach. Liver. P. 122. 

5. Give the Physiology of the Digestive Organs. P. 124. 

6. What is necessary before food can nourish the body ? P. 
124. 



112 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

7. Give the Hygiene of the Digestive Organs. P. 129. 

8. How much food should be eaten? P. 133. 

9. What kinds of food should be eaten in a hot climate ? Cold 
climate ? 

10. Does the mind have any influence on the Digestive Organs? 
How and why ? 

CIRCULATORY ORGANS. 

1. Give the anatomy of the Circulatory Organs. P. 154. 

2. Describe the heart and its office. P. 155. 

3. "What are Arteries ? Describe the Pulmonary Artery. P. 
158. 

4. Describe the Aorta, and give its office. P. 159. 

5. Describe the Veins, and give their office. P. 160. 

6. Give the Physiology of the Circulatory Organs. P. 1G4. 

7. Give the Hygiene of the Circulatory Organs. P. 172. 

8. What is the treatment of wounds caused by the bite of rabid 
animals? P. 179. 

9. Define Absorption and Lymphatic vessels. P. 181. 

10. Give the anatomy of the Lymphatic vessels. P. 181. 

11. Give the Physiology and Hygiene of the Lymphatic ves- 
sels. P. 183 and 188. 

12. Define Secretion. Exhalants. P. 192. 

13. Give the Anatomy, Physiology and Hygiene of the Secre- 
tory Organs. P. 192, 193 and 197. 

14. Define Nutrition. P. 200. 

15. What is the function of the Nutrient vessels. P. 200. 

16. Give the Hygiene of Nutrition. P. 205. 

RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 

1. Give the Anatomy of the Respiratory Organs. P. 209. 

2. Name the Respiratory Organs. P. 209. 

3. What other organs aid these ? P. 209. 

4. Describe the Lungs. By what are they enclosed? P. 211. 

5. Describe the Bronchia. Trachea. P. 212. 

6. Give the Physiology of the Respiratory Organs. P. 217. 

7. What is the object of Respiration ? Give an experiment 



PHYSIOLOGY. 113 

showing that Oxygen changes dark colored biood to a bright red. 
P. 226. 

8. Give the Hygiene of the Respiratory Organs. P. 228. 

9. How is the purity of the air affected by Respiration ? P. 
228. 

10. Wliat is said respecting the weight of the biood? P. 228. 

11. Why should a School-Room, and all public rooms and sleep- 
ing rooms be tvell ventilated ? P. 233. 

12. How can the size of the chest be diminished ? P. 239. 

13. Give your opinion about the styles of dress. 

ANIMAL HEAT. 

1. What is Animal Heat? What is the temperature of the 
human body? P. 252. 

2. Give the Hygiene of Animal Heat. P. 261. 

3. Does age affect the degree of Animal Heat ? P. 265. 

VOICE. 

4. Define voice. Give the Anatomy of the Vocal Organs. 
P. 268. 

5. Give the Physiology of the Vocal Organs. P. 272. 

6. Give the Hygiene of the Vocal Organs. P. 274. 

7. How should public speakers dress their necks? P. 276. 

8. Should students practice Physical exercise ? Why ? P. 
279. 

9. Is repetition essential to distinct Articulation ? P. 280. 

10. How can stammering be remedied ? P. 281. 

SKIN. 

1. What is the skin ? Give the Anatomy of the skin. P. 282. 

2. Describe fully the skin in all its parts and offices. P. 282. 

3. Give the Physiology and Hygiene of the skin. P. 293 and 
301. 

4. What is the best material for clothing for the different sea- 
sons of the year ? P. 303. 

5. Is bathing beneficial? Why ? P. 315. 

6. Describe the appendages of the skin. P. 322. 



114 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

NERYOUS SYSTEM. 

1. What is the Nervous System? P. 328. 

2. Give the Anatomy of the brain and Cranial nerves. P. 
328. 

3. Describe the Dura Mater. Pia Mater. Cranial nerves. 
P. 335. 

4. Give the Anatomy of the Spinal Chord. P. 340. 

5. Give the Physiology and Hygiene of the nervous system. 
P. 34G and 358. 

6. May too much mental labor be required of students ? P. 
364. 

7. What error prevails in the present system of education "i 
P. 366. 

8. What persons require the most sleep? P. 369. 

9. Describe sensation and the sense of touch. P. 378. 

10. Give the Hygiene of the sense of touch. Describe the 
different senses, and give their Anatomy, Physiology and Hygiene. 
P. 384 to 424. Mention the means of preserving health. P. 
425. 



CHAPTER XL 

GENERAL QUESTIONS. 

SiJGGESTiON. — The following questions have been used in the examina- 
tions of candidates for teaching, in Boston, New Yorlv, Cincinnati, Chicago, 
Madison, Milwaukee, and by several County School Commissioners, in differ- 
ent States, Some of these questions you have met before ; be careful, 
therefore, you do not give an answer inconsistent with the one you have 
given in another place, the first being correct. 

1. Define Orthography. 

2. Correct the follow^ing sentence as to the use of capitals, and 
give the rules for your corrections : 

it is true as i have often heard That a poor speller can never be a success- 
ful teacher. 

3. Correct the following sentence as to spelling and the use of 
capitals : 

upon the Thirty first day of decembcr a. d. 1861 the tirm of offis of all 
toun Superutendents turniinated. 



GENERAL QUESTIONS. 115 

4. Correct the spelling of such words as are misspelled in the 
following list : 

Benefited, Superseded, Monies, Scholar, Truely, Always, Preferred. 

5. What is a Prefix ? What is a suffix ? 

6. Give three PrejQxes, with their meanings. 

7. Give three Suffixes, with their meanings. 

8. How many different Prefixes do you find in the following 
words : 

Ignoble, Illegal, Immoral, Inelegant. 

9. Separate by a hyphen the Prefixes from the rest of the fol- 
lowing words : 

Antedate, Induce, Subscribe, Reflect, Suggest, Extraordinary, Describe. 

10. Separate by a hyphen the Suffixes from the rest of the fol- 
lowins; words : 

Timely, Consignment, Relaxing, Aggressive, Locality, Generalize. 

11. Write the Primitive or Root Word found in the foUowins:: 
Justify, Ignoble, Unmanly, Using, Referring, Inconstancy, Inftmcy. 

12. How many sounds in the English language? 

13. Why is it so difficult to learn to spell the English language 
correctly ? 

14. Why do persons who spell well orally, often fail in writing 
words correctly ? 

15. Separate the following words into syllables : 
Animate, Dictionary, Spelling, Alleviate, Timely, Correction. 

16. Correct the following two lines in all particulars needing 
correction : 

I was absent from home when the young lady to whom you referred 
called, 

17. How many sounds are represented by the character C? 

18. How many and what sounds are found in the pronunciation 
of the word example ? 

19. What is an elementary sound? 

20. What is a Vocal or Tonic ? 



IIG THE COMPLETE EXAMINEK. 

21. What is an Aspirate? 

22. What elementary sounds are represented by more than one 
cliaracter ? 

23. What is a derivative W^ord ? 

24. How many and vrhat are the Vowels ? 

25. How many and what are the Consonants ? 

26. What is a diphthong? 

27. Correct in all particulars needing correction the following : 

this association shall be caled the picwickran club and shall have for its 
members such persons onely as are wiling to make self improvment there 
first studdy its moto sliel be know thy self. 

28. Correct the following, if it needs correction, and give your 
reasons for your corrections : 

I can not conceive how any sane man can believe the storys that are so 
busyly circulated by persons caring not for reputation or caracter. 

29. How many sounds has A? 

30. IIoAv many sounds has O ? 

31. Write the plural of body. Monkey. 

32. Write the singular of dice genera. 

33. Write the plural of sheep. Fleece. Scissors. 

34. How many elementary sounds are heard in the word thor- 
oughly ? 

35. What elementary sounds are heard in the word cough ? 

36. Correct the spelling of such words as are misspelled in the 
follow in 2; list : 

Procede, Preceed, supercede, succeed, allegance, schollarship, transmit- 
ted, addoration, Tennessee, Mississipi, Cincinnatti. 

1. Name the different waters bordering on Michigan; upon 
Pennsylvania ; upon Spain ; upon Turkey, in Asia. 

2. Name five rivers that flow into the Ohio ; five that flow into 
the Mississippi, upon the eastern side ; five that flow into the At- 
lantic ocean, having their origin in the loyal States. 

3. Name five mountain chains upon the Eastern Continent, 
with the position and direction of cskIi 

4. Name five mountain chams of North America, with the po- 
sition and direction of each. 



GENERAL QUESTIONS. 117 

5. Name the highest mountain -peak in the world. The high- 
est in the United States. 

6. Trace the shortest water route from Green Bay, Wis., to 
New Orleans, Louisiana. 

7. Trace the shortest route by railroad and steamboat from 
Madison, Wis., to Boston, Mass., naming at least five important 
places on the route. 

8. What is the shortest route of travel from the capital of Michi- 
gan to the capital of Texas. 

9. Locate five large cities in New England. Locate five large 
cities in the Middle States. Locate five large cities in the Sece- 
ded States. Locate five large cities in the States lying north of 
the Ohio river, and east of the Mississippi, Avithout going farther 
east than Lake Erie. 

10. Through what Grand Divisions of the world does the 
Equator pass ? 

11. Why are the Tropics situated 231 degrees from the Equa- 
tor ? 

12. How do you account for the change of Seasons? 

13. How do you account for the difference in the length of the 
day at different seasons of the year ? 

14. Which contains the larger number of square miles, the 
Eastern or Western Hemisphere ? 

15. Which has the larger area, Wisconsin or Pennsylvania? 

16. How does South America compare with North America in 
respect to facilities for inland commerce ? 

17. Name the principal rivers flowing into Lake Michigan. 

18. Give the boundaries of Wisconsin. 

19. Name the States bordering on the Mississippi in their or- 
der, commencing at the northernmost State upon the eastern side 
and ending with the northernmost State upon the western side. 

20. Which of the large lakes of North America form part of 
the northern boundar}^ of the United States ? 

21. What are the Meridians? 

22. Wliat are parallels of Latitude ? 

23. What is the reason for the Polar circles being 23^° from 
the Poles? 



118 THE COMPLETE EXA^IINEK. 

24. What evidence have we that the earth is round ? 

25. What evidence have we that the earth is ilattened at the 

poles ? 

26. Give the distance in degrees and minutes between the 
Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle. 

27. Give the boundaries of Ohio. 

28. On what part of the globe is the line of perpetual snow 
the highest? 

29. Give the latitude and longitude of the South Pole. 

30. Name the seven largest gulfs and bays of North America. 

31. How is Calcutta situated ? Singapore? 

32. Name the grand divisions of the land surface of the globe, 
and give the largest city in each, with its location. 

33. Give the boundaries of France and the location of its prin- 
cipal city. 

34. How can a vessel of light draught make its way from 
Charleston, S. C, to Lake Superior? 

35. In order to sail from St. Petersburg to 'Odessa, through 
what waters would you have to pass ? 

36. Bound your own County, and give its lakes, rivers, canals 
and railroads, if any. 

37. Where is Aux Cayes, Corocoa, Cienfuegos and Trieste ? 

38. Give the location of the four largest river valleys in the 
world. 

39. Name the Peninsulas of Europe, and the direction in which 
they extend. 

40. What range of mountains contains the highest peaks ? 

41. What languages are principally spoken in Brazil, Moldavia, 
Switzerland, Quebec, and St. Augustine ? 

42. Classify the States in the Union according to their mineral 
resources. 

43. Mention the natural advantages which a country should 
have in order to be fertile. 

44. What is the origin and direction of tlie Gulf Stream ? 

45. What are the advantages of Mountains to a country? 

46. What is the lace ol' the country in Vermont, Florida and 
E^vnt? 



GENERAL QUESTIONS. 119 

1. Define Notation and Numeration. 

2. Explain the reason of the first figure of a Partial product 
under the figure of tlie multiplier. 

3. What is the difference between the greatest common divisor 
and the least common multiple ? 

4. What is the difference between common, decimal and duo- 
decimal fractions ? 

5. Why does multiplying one proper fraction by another give 
a product less than the multiplicand ? 

6. How do you reduce fraetions to a common denominator? 

7. What effect has multiplying by a proper fraction upon the 
multiplicand ? 

8. Why do you invert the divisor in division of fractions ? 

9. How do you reduce a common fraction to a decimal, and 
why ? 

10. Perform the work indicated, and give rules i 0.25X 175.0-^ 
10. 

11 -«- 

11. How many sevenths in -2^^^ i p 

12. A sends B $1050 for the purchase of goods, allowing B 5 
per cent, commission upon the purchase. Tlie amount sent B is 
to cover botli purchase and commission. What will be the value 
of the goods purchased ? 

13. Calcukite the interest upon $15.75 at 9 per cent, per an- 
num, for 3 years 5 months and 21 days. 

14. What principal at interest for 3 years and six months, at 
12 per cent, per annum, will amount to $35,500? 

15. In what time will $1,000 at interest at 10 per cent, per 
annum, amount to $1,584.25 ? 

16. At what rate per cent, will the interest of $800 in 1 year 
G mOo 24 days amount to $75.20? 

17. Discount a note for $325, due 5 years and 4 months hence, 
at 9 per cent, per annunio What is the discount? What is the 
present worth of the note ? 

18. How much will be paid upon an Insurance Policy for five 
years, issued by a Mutual Insurance Company, the premium note 



120 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

being given for 5 per cent., upon $2,750 ? The assessments made 
upon- premium note are : advance 35 per cent., and several as- 
sessments as follows: .Oo, .05, 4^ and 11. 

19. How much more will it cost to insure $3,500 in a Stock 
Company for 5 years, at a rate of ^ per cent, per annum, than in 
a Mutual Company when the premiuln note was given for 4J per 
cent, for 5 years, and the several assessments upon the premium 
note amount to 55 per cent. ? 

20. A merchant sold a bill of goods for $175, gaining 25 per 
cent, upon the cost ; what did the goods cost him ? 

21. A builds a wall 25 feet long, 4 feet high, and 2 J feet thick, 
in 10 days of 10 hours each. In how many days could he build 
a wall 30 feet long, 6 feet high, and 3 feet thick, w orking 9 hours 
a day ? 

22. What is a multiple ? 

23. Explain the process of dividing f by f . 

24. Analyze the following question : If six were ten, what 
would 7 and ^ be ? 

25. What is the difference between 25-^.25, and .25-^25 ? 

26. What sum of money may be drawn at a bank on a note of 
$468, payable in 45 days ? 

27. When gold is fifty per cent, premium, how much will be 
received in exchange for $1,000 in paper? 

28. Sold a w^atch wdiich cost me $30, for $35, on a credit of 
eight months ; what did I gain by the bargain, and how much per 
cent. ? 

1. Name the parts of Speech. 
2<. What is a sentence ? 

3. How many words are necessary in the construction of a 
simple sentence ? 

4. What properties have nouns ? 

5. What properties have verbs ? 

6. Correct the following, and give reasons for correction : 

"1 saw liim -n-licu lie clone it." 

7o Analyze the following sentence; 



GENERAL QUESTIONS. 121 

Soutli Carolina seceded from the Union on the twentieth day of Decem- 
ber, in the year 18G0. 

8. Correct in all particulars needing correction, the following, 
and give reasons : 

Between you and I tlie trouble lay nearer Lome. 

9. What is the use of interjections ? Illustrate by an example. 

10. Correct in all particulars needing correction, the follo^Ying, 
and give reasons for corrections : 

A great variety of reasons are given for the changes, but every one of 
the members still hold to their opinions. 

11. Correct and give reasons : 

" His argument was the best of all others," 

"Her appearance was better tlran that of any person I ever saw." 

12. How do you distinguish Relative from Interrogative Pro- 
nouns ? 

13. Is the following correct? If not, wherein does its incor- 
rectness consist? 

"I hoped to have seen you." 

14. Analyze the following; 

"Thou may'st be popular 

Perchance but seek not popularity 

As motive-spring of any act in thy profession," 

15. In two different propositions use the same word as an Ad- 
jective and as a Noun. 

IG. Write five sentences containing errors, point out the errors 
and tell why they arc such. 

17. Correct the sentences following that are incorrect 

•"Who are you looking for?" 
"She is the person whom all love." 
"Both were unfortunate but n- ither are to blame." 
"Whom do 3"0U eharg with folly?" 

18. Write a compound sentence containing all the Parts of 
Speech. • 

19. Analyze the following sentence: * 

6 



122 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER". 

"The term of school which has just commenced will close upon the last 
Friday of March." 

20. Correct the following in all respects as to spelling, punctua- 
tion, capitals, and construction : 

"twas but the day befor chrismas that he went and done a deed which 
no man has ever seen the like of it." 

21. Give the plurals of Genus, Emphasis, and Criterion. 

22. Compare Happy, Gay, Useful, and Golden. 

23. Decline the personal pronouns TJiou and She, 

24. Define Voice and Hood. 

25. Correct the follov»dng sentences, viz. : 

(a.) Both this dress and the other is finished, but neither of them set 
well. 

(6.) Who Avas you speaking to previous to my arrival ? 
{c.) He can neither learn easy or speak grainatical. 

2G. In the last sentence (c.) parse the Avords neither and speak, 
and the word neither in the sentence («.) 

27. How is gender expressed ? 

28. What class of verbs govern two objective cases ? 

29. When is the subject of a verb not its nominative ? 

30. Such as I esteem shall be invited. Parse the words in 
italics. 

31. "John is a noun." Parse John, giving gender, number, 
person, &c. 

32. "A man v.lio is industrious Avill be respected." Analyze. 

03. "I have purchased an ox, therefore I can not come." What is the 
relation of the latter clause to the former? 

34. They come to the number of one hundred men._ Parse the clause 
"to the number of one liundred men." 

35. "It is they vv-lio deceive you." Is the sentence correct? If not, 
correct it. 

36. What words are essential to a sentence? Form one con- 
taining all the parts of speech. 

37. Of the two Latin Poets, Virgil and Horace, "the first is the most 
celebrated." 

38. "Ten idle men were#colIected to see if it were Washington, him 
whom the loyal citizens honors " Correct, 

30, " I intended to have gone," Correct and give reasons. 



GENERAL QUESTIONS. l-o 

■' 40. "When the cars arrived the pohcemau arrested the man who stepped 
upon the platform." Analyze. 

41. Correct the following sentences: 

"There comes tlirce persons either of Avhich accomplish with ease what 
you propose." 

42. "The farmers men-servant brought to market turkeys and potatoes 
which he delivered at Smiths, the tailors servants by the hands of the 
Messrs. Browns." 

43. "I they and you having completed your studies, it becomes us to be 
as them who all respect for their virtue." 

44. What is Prosody ? 

45. In punctuation, what does the dash denote ? 

46. "Awake my St. John, leave all meaner things 
To low ambition and the pride of kings." 

47. Tell the kind of verse, the number of poetic feet, and put 
the accent on the long syllables. 

48. What is the logical subject, and what the grammatical predi- 
cate in a sentence ? 

49. What is meant by Declension in grammar ? What by In 
flection ? 

50. Give an example of Personification. Of Metaphor. Of 
Simile. 

51. In the sentence, "He that glorieth let him glory in the Lord," parse 
the words He, let, and glory. 

52. Correct the sentence, 

"He learns me grammar, but neither of us speak English correct." 

53. Analyze the sentence, 

"A desire to excel will stimulate to exertion." 

1. By what Governments of Europe were the earlier settle- 
ments made ? 

2. How many wars were there between the English Colonies 
and the French and Indians, and how are the three most promi- 
nent designated ? 

3. What were the chief causes" of the alienation of the colonies 
from the English Government? 

4. When and where was the first Provincial Congress formed ? 



124 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

5. When and where was the first blood shed in the war of the 
Revolution ? 

6. When did the battle of Bunker Hill take place ? 

7. When did Cornwallis surrender at Yorktown ? 

8. When and wdiere was the treaty signed by which Great 
Britain acknowledged the independence of the United States ? 

9. When was the Federal Constitution adopted ? 

10. AVho was the fourth President of the United States, and 
how long did he hold office ? 

11. In what year did the second war with Great Britain com- 
mence, and wdien did it terminate ? 

12. Give a history of ■\7hat is known of the Hartford Conven- 
tion. 

13. With what other nations besides England has the United 
States been at war ? 

14. Give the prominent events with the war W'ith Mexico. 

15. When was Michigan admitted into the Union ? 

16. When was Wisconsin admitted into the Union? 

17. Who was the first Governor of this State? 

18. What noted events occurred in the Territorial history of 
Wisconsin ? 

19. Name the four great epochs in U. S. History.- 

SO. When, where, and by whom was the first permanent set- 
tlement made in North America ? 

21. What causes led to the American Revolution? 

22. Give the names a]id dates of the four most important bat- 
tles of the Revolutionary War, and a brief account of each. 

23. Name three of the most noted commanders, and give an 
account of each. 

24. When, where, and by what terms was peace concluded? 

25. What led to the war of 1812 ? 

26. Give an account of the land operations during this war. 

27. Give an account of the naval operations during this war. 

28. Give the names and dates of the principal Indian wars. 

29. How did the U. S. obtain possession of Louisiana ? 

30. How was the Federal Constitution framed ? When did it 
go into operation ? 



genepAl questions. 125 

SI. Give (lie piliielj)al eveiUs of Waslihigtoii's Administration. 

32. What was the great event of Monroe's Administration? 

33. In whose administration occurred the Algerinc War? 

34. Give a short account of the Mexican War. 

35. What Americans have become celebrated for great and 
useful inventions ? 

3G. Name the most noted naval commanders of the U. States. 

37. Give a brief account of Jackson's Administration. 

38. Tell what jou know of the present Kebellion against the 
United States. 

1. What causes a difference of climate at different points upon 
the same parallel of latitude? 

2. What is the cause of land breezes ? 

3. What is the cause of sea breezes ? 

4. Explain the causes of the Trade Winds. 

5. Why is the Pacific coast of the U. S. warmer than the At- 
lantic coast, upon the same parallel of latitude ? 

6. What are the prominent physical features of North America? 

7. What are the oceanic currents ? 

8. Describe the Gulf Stream. 

9. What 4s the difference between an earthquake and a volcano? 

10. What is the cause of Water Spouts ? 

11. In what respects do the grand divisions of the globe differ 
from each other? 

1 2. In what respects do the grand divisions of the globe resem- 
ble each other ? 

13. To what causes may we attribute the fertility and product- 
iveness of the Mississippi Valley ? 

14. Why is Siberia colder than the same latitude of British 
America ? 

15. Contrast the vegetable productions of Equatorial Africa 
and South America. 

1 6. Contrast the animals- of tropical and frigid regions. 

17. Contrast the coverings of animals of the temperate 'zones 
during the summer and winter months. 

18. What is the difference between frost and dew? 



12u THE COMPLETE EXA3iix:::i. 

19. What are the principal causes of rain? 

20. What conditions are essential to the production of hail ? 

21. Name the principal productions of the tropical regions. 
Of the temperate regions. 

22. Yfhat h the difference between the soils of New England 
and of Wisconsin ? 

23. Why are there no large rivers in Peru ? 

24. Why does it seldom rain in Egypt ? 

25. What is the cause of Avet and dry seasons in California ? 

1. Give some account of the first day's work in commencing a 
scliocl. 

2. What is a graded school ? 

3. IIow should scholars be classified? 

4. How should text-books be used by the scholar? 

5. Should the Teacher use a text-book in conducting a recita- 
tion ? 

G. In mental arithmetic should j)upils be allowed to use the 
book in recitation ? 

7. State the ad\antages and disadvantages of concert exercises 
in school. 

8. What are essential requisites in the qualifications of good 
teachers ? 

9. State some common faults observable in teachers.- 

10. Should pupils be allowed to report their own delinquen- 
cies ? 

11. To what extent should written records of deportment and 
scholarship be kept ? 

12. At what temperature should a school-room be kept? 

13. Should giving j^rizes be encouraged? 

14. What advantages and what disadvantages attend giving 
prizes ? 

15. What should be the length of recitation required of pupils 
from four to ten years of age ? 

16.' How many hours per day should children under ten years 
of ajre be confined to the school-room ? 



GENERAL QUESTIONS. 127 

17. What advantages attend the practice of "boarding round" 
by teachers ? 

18. Would you encourage pupils to report the delinquencies of 
each other? 

19. To what extent would you teach morals in school? 

20. Would you require " compositions and declamations ? " 



SECOND PART. 



CHAPTER XII. 
botaXy.* 

1. Define Botany, and de-cribe the departments into which it 
is divided. Wood's Class Book, page 13. 

2. Describe the relations of Botany to our sustenance, protec- 
tion, and the healing of our diseases. Wood's Class Book, page 
14. 

3. Define a plant and give the difference between it and an 
animal or a mineral ; how is It affected by cultivation? Describe 
the early stages of plant life. 14. 

4. Describe each of the elementary tissues that enter into its 
structure. 20. ^ 

5. What are Ducts ? Their use ? Where found ? 23. 

6. What is the Epidermis, or Skin, of which it is composed? 
24. 

7. Describe the Stomata, Give their use and location. 24. 

8. What are Hairs, Stings, Glands, Prickles, Thorns? 25. 

9. Describe the two grand divisions of the vegetable kingdom, 
the Phainogamia or Flowering, and the Crytogamia or Flower- 
less plants. 26. 

10. How are they readily distinguished by their Tissues, Seeds, 
general structure ? 27. 

11. Tlie Flowering plants are subdivided into Endagenous and 
Exogenous. Describe the mode of growth and leaf of each. 
Name example of each class. 77. 

12. Name and describe the Floral envelopes. State which 
constitutes a regular flov/er. 29, 30. 

''In the First Grade of fill oiir Gx-ammar Schools, Botany is taught, unless it be postponed 
to be pursued in the IUgh School. Hence it is expected that Candidates will prepare them- 
selves in this interesting branch. 



BOTANY. 129 

13. Mention tliose organs which are ersential for the produc- 
tion of fruit. Wliat is the office of the Pollen? 

14. "What did Linna3us take as the basis of the Artificial Sys- 
tem of classification of the Genera? 34. 

15. How does it differ from the system of Jussieu? 112. 

16. Describe compound and simple Ovaries and the Ovules. 
42. ^ 

17. What do you understand by Dehiscence ? Describe the 
different modes. 

18. What is the ultimate product of vegetation ? 57. 

19. Describe the parts of the seed. Where is the Embryo 
plant found? Wliat are its parts? 57, 58. 

20. What is the Cotyledom, and vvhat office does it perform to 
the new plant? 58. 

21. What is Germination? What are essential conditions to 
it? 60. 

22. Define a root, and give its office to the plant. 62. 

23. In what part of the root does Absorption take place ? 67. 

24. Describe the different forms of the root. 63, 64. 

25. How can you prove that Absorption takes place in the 
Six)ngioles ? 

26. Define the stem and tell wherein it differs from the root. 
62. 

27. Tell the difference between a Branch, Thorn and Prickle. 
71. 

28. How does a leaf bud differ from a flower bud ? 70. 

29. What are Axillory and Terminal buds ? 70. 

30. Describe the Caulis, Runner, Scape, Vine, Trunk, &c.? 

31. How does the Herbaceous stem differ from the Woody? 
77. 

32. Describe the mode of growth, and the bark, pith, and 
woody layers of Exogenous stem. 77. 

33. How can the age of a tree be ascertained ? 78. 

34. Describe the mode of increase of the Endogenous stem, 
and tell what each bundle consists of. 81. 



130 'TIT.', CO.IirLKTK EXAMINER, 

35. What is vernation ? Give the different modes of foldino; 
the leaf in the bud. 82, - 

3 3. Wlien are leaves said to ,be Opposite, Alternate, Verticel- 
late an:l Fasciculate ? 83. 

37. When are leaves said to Gauline ? When Radicle? 84. 

38. When Net Veined? When Parallel Veined? When are 
leaves Simjjle? When Compound? 85. 

39. What is the Skeleton and Venation of the leaf? 77. 

40. Name and describe the different forms of the Feather 
Veined leaf, and mention examples of each^form. 87. 

41. Describe the different forms of Parallel Veined leaves. 
89'. . 

42. How are the Margins of leaves modified by the Venation ?• 
Describe the forms of Margins. 90. 

43. When is the Apex of the leaf said to be Entire ? Den- 
tate, Serrate, Ci'^nate, Spinous, Lacinate, &c. ? 90. 

44. When is the surface of the leaf Rough, Pubescent, Glab- 
rous, Pilose, Vilo.se, Rugose, Woody, Hoary ? 

45. Describe the Compound leaf and name its parts. 01. 
Y/hen is the leaf Pinnate, Bipinnate, Tripinnate ? 

46. When is the leaf Amplexicaul, Perfoliate, Connate, &c. ? 
93. 

47. Describe the Sarracenia or Pitcher plant. 93. 

48. Y/hen are leaves Deciduous, Fugacious, Persistent? 9G. 

49. Describe Exhalation, Absorption, Respiration. 98. 

50. How can you illustrate by experiment? 99. 

51. Dellae Digestion in plants. Tell where and how per- 
formed. 101. 

52. What is Inflorescence? Describe the different modes. 
102. 

53. Mention some of the Chemical elements that enter into the 
structure of plants. 106. 

54. Mention any other important principles in Botany. 



ALGEBUA. 131 

CHAPTER XIII. 

ALGEBRA. 

Remark. — In examinations in Algebra it has been found that the majority 
of students have devoted their energies mainly to the solution of problems, 
carelessly passing over the principles involved in the questions proposed. 
This is a fatal error. Every Candidate should carefully prepare himself in 
the dejinitions^ and thoroughly qualify himself in the principles of the Sci- 
ence ; then all problems can be easily solved. 

In giving answers give reasons for every statement made, whether called 
for or not. 

Note. — The references in the following questions in Algebra are to "Da- 
vies' Bourdon." P. stands for page. Art. for article. Ex. for example. 

■ 1. What do you understand by Quantity? Art. 1. 

2. What is Mathematics ? Art. 2. 

3. Define Algebra. Art. 3. 

4. How many kinds of quantities are considered in Algebra ? 
Art. 4. 

5. Name and describe those quantities. Art. 4. 

6. How many signs are used in Algebra ? 

7. AVhat is the sign for Addition, and how made ? Art. 5. 

8. Make the sign for Subtraction, and tell its meaning. Art. 6.' 

9. Which is the Positive Sign ? Which Negative ? Art. 6. 

10. How many signs are there for Multiplication? Art. 7. 

11. Make the signs for Multiplication. Art. 7. 

12. How many are there for Division? Art. 8. 

13. Make signs for Division. Art. 8. 

14. Make and define the sign of Equality. Art. 9. 

15. Define the sign of Inequality. Make it. Art. 10. 

IG. What sign is used to denote that there is a difference be- 
tween two quantities without knowing which is the greater? Art. 
11. 

17. What sign is used to denote that one quantity varies as 
another? Art. 12. 

18. What are the signs of Proportion? How read? Make 
them. Art. 13. 

19. What sign is used to denote hence or consequently? Art* 



132 THE COMPLETE EXAMINE. 

^20. What is a Coefficient ? Give an example. 

21. When no coefficient is expressed, \vhat is understood? 
Art. 14. 

22. What is an Exponent, and what does it show ? Art. 15. 

23. When no exponent is written, what is understood ? Art. 
"l5. 

24. What is the Power of a quantity ? Degree of a quantity ? 
Art. 16. 

25. What relation between the exponent and the number of 
Multiplications? Art. 16. 

26. Illustrate the use of the exponent by taking a as a factor 
six times, b eight times, c seven times. P. 18. 

27. What is the Root of a quantity? Art. 18. 

28. What is the Radical Sign? Make it. Art. 18. 

29. Give an example using the Radical Sign. Art. 18. 

30. What is the reciprocal of a quantity? Ail. 19. 

31. Define an Algebraic quantity. Ai't. 20. 

32. Give an example to illustrate Algebraic quautities. Art. 
20. 

33. What is a monomial or term'^ Art. 21. 

34. Define a Binomial. Trinomial. Polynomial. Art. 21. 

35. What is the Numerical value of an Algebraical expression? 
Art. 22. 

36. What is an additive term? Subtractive? Art. 23. 

37. What effect does changing the order of the terms of a poly- 
nomial have on the numericcd vcdue of the quantity ? Art. 24. 

38. Define the Dimension of a term. Art. 25. 

39. What are the literal factors of a term ? Art. 25. 

40. How do you tell the degree of a term ? Art. 25. 

41. When is a polynomial Homogeneous? Art. 26. 

42. Write a polynomial that is homogeneous. Art. 26. 

43. What is a vinculum ? Parenthesis? Brackets? Art. 27. 

44. Make the characters named in the last question. Art. 27. 

45. What are Similar terms ? Art. 28. 

46. Write terms that are similar, and those that are dissimilar. 
Art. 28. 



ALGEBRA. 133 

47. AVlien is a polynomial reduced to its simplest form ? Art. 
29. 

48. Give the Rule for reducing a polynomial to its simplest 
form. Art. 29. 

49. In reducing a polynomial what effect does it have on the 
coefficients and exponents ? P. 23. 

50. Define a Theorem and a Problem. Arts. 30, 31. 

51. Define a Formula? P. 25. 

52. Solve the following, and give the formula for it. Art: 31. 

53. The sum of two numbers is G7, and their difference is 19; 
what are the numbers? Art. 31. 

54. The sum of two numbers is a, and their difference b ; what 
are the numbers? Art. 31. 

OD. Give ^formula involving the principle of the last example. 
P. 25. 

ADDITION. 

1. Define Addition. Art. 31. 

2. When the quantities are dissimilar how do you add them ? 
Art. 32. 

3. Give the Rule for the addition of Algebraic quantities. 
Art. 34. 

SUBTRACTION. 

1. Define Subtraction. Art. 35. 

2. AVhen the quantities are not similar, how do you subtract ? 
Art. 36. 

3. Give the Rule for subtraction of algebraic quantities. Art. 
37. 

4. Give the reasom for changing the signs of the subtrahend. 
Art. 37. 

5. If you have an algebraic quantity within a parenthesis, and 
a minus sign before it, what effect does it have on the terras when 
the parenthesis is omitted ? Art. 38. ^ 

' 6. Illustrate the last question by an example. P. 32. 

7. Do the words add and sum always mean augmentation? 
Art. 39. 

8. Explain the difference between an Arithmetical and Alge- 
braic Sum. Art. 39. » 



13 i THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

9. Do tlie words subtraction and difference always mean dimi- 
nution ? Art. 39. 

10. Are the alprebraic signs, plus and minus, always the true 
signs of the terms before which they are placed? Art. 40. 

11. Illustrate the last question by an example. Art. 40. 

MULTIPLICATION. 

1. What is multiplication in Algebra? Art. 41. 

2. Name and explain the terms used in multiplication. Art. 
41. 

3. "What is the Rule for multiplication of monomials ? P. 34. 

4. How do you multiply one polynomial by another ? Arts. 
43-45. 

5. Multiply a — b by c — d, and give the reasons for every step. 
Art. 44. 

6. How can you make it appear that minus multiplied by mi- 
nus gives plus ? Art. 43. 

7. In multiplication, when both factors are homogeneous^ how 
will the product be ? Art. 4G. 

8. How many tjirms will there be in the product if no two 
terins of the product are similar ? Art. 46. 

9. Among the terms of the product, how many terms will there 
always be which can not be reduced with any others ? Art. 46. 

10. Name the terms intimated in the last question, and tell why. 
Art. 46. 

11. Give the formula for the square of the sum of two quan- 
tities. Art. 47. 

12. State the formula for the square of the 'difference of two 
quantities. Art. 47. 

13. Give the formula for the sum of two quantities multiplied 
by their difference. Art. 47. 

14. What is the law of the product of two quantities ? - Art. 48. 

DIVISION. 

1. What is Division? Art. 49. 

2. Name the terms used in Division, and define them. Art. 49. 

3. How do you divide one monomial by another monomial ? 
Art. 51. 



ALGEBRA. 135 

4. State the principle in regard to llie signs in division. Art. 
50. 

5. State two cases in which the exact division of monomials is 
impossible. Art. 52. 

6. State the principle in regard to the exponents of the divi- 
dend and divisor. Art. 53. ~ , 

7. Show that any quantity whose exponent is 0, is equal to 1. 
Art. 54. 

8. How do you divide a polynomial by a monomial? Art,. 55. 

9. How do you divide one polynomial by another? Art. 56. 

10. What do you understand by arranging the dividend and 
divisor wuth reference to a certain letter? Art. bQ. 

11. Give the reasons for the whole process in the division of 
polynomials. Art. bQ. 

12. When is the exact division of one polynomial by anottier 
impossible ? How many cases are there ? Art. 58. 

FACTORING POLYNOMIALS. 

1. What do you understand by Factoring Polynomials? Art. 
59. 

2. How may a polynomial be resolved into two or more fac- 
tors ? Art. 59. ' ' ' 

3. Find the factors of the following: n^-{-2n^+n. Ex. 5. P. 
52. 

4. Find the factors of the following : a'^x — x^. Ex. 7. P. 52. 

5. Demonstrate the following proposition : The difference of 
the same powers of any two quantities is exactly divisible by the 
difference of the quantities. Art. 60. 

6. Illustrate the last by the following: Divide a"" — b"" by 
a— b. Art. 60. 

7. Demonstrate the following : The sum of the odd powers 
of the same degree of two quantities is always divisible by the 
sum of the quantities. 

8. Divide (a^+b') by (a-|-b), and give the reasons. 

9. Give the rule and "reason for finding the Greatest common 
divisor of two or more polynomials. 



136 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

10. Find the greatest common Divisor of tlie following exam- 
ple : 2x^ + llx'— 13x2— 99x— 45 and 2x''— Tx^— 4Gx— 21. 

11. Give the Rule and reason for finding the Least Common 
3Iultiple of two or more polynomials. 

12. Find the least common multiple of the following example : 
3x'— llx+6, 2x=^— 7x+3, and 6x'— 7x+2'. 

ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS. 

1. What is an Algebraic Fraction? Art. 62. 

2. Define a Fractional Unit. Art. 62. 

3. Wliat are the Terms of a fraction ? Art. 63. 

4. Wliat is an Entire quantity ? Art. 63. 

5. What is a mixed quantity ? Art. 63. 

6. When may the Fraction be reduced to an entire quantity ? 
Art? 64. 

7. Wliat effect does multiplying the Numerator of a fraction 
have upon tlie value of the fraction ? Art. 65. 

8. What effect does multiplying the denominator of a fraction 
have upon its value ? Art. 66. 

9. What effect does multiplying both numerator and denomina- 
tor have upon the value of the fraction ? Art. 67. 

10. What effect has dividing both numerator and denominator 
of a fraction have upon its value ? Art. 67. 

11. Give reasons for your answers to tlie last three questions. 
P. 56. 

12. How do you reduce a fraction to its lowe^ form? 

13. Reduce '-^- ^ to its simplest form. Ex. 7. P. 57. 

27ac"— 6ac' ^ 

14. How do you reduce a mixed quantity to a fractional form ? 
P. 57. 

15. Reduce 3x — 1 — — ^tL_ to the form of a fraction. Ex. 6. 

3a— 2 

P. 58. 

16. Why do you change the signs of the terms of the numera- 
tor in the last example ? Art. 38. 

17. How do you reduce a Jr action to an mdire quantity ? R. 
P. 58. 



ALGEBKA. 137 

18. Keduce — ^ to a mixed quantity. Ex. 6. P. 59. 

5x 

19. Reduce ^ to an entire quantity. Ex. 5. P. 59. 

20. How do you reduce fractions having different denominators 
to equivalent fractions having a common denominator? R. P. 
60. 

21. Reduce — — , and -, to equivalent fractions having 

a — b ax c 

common denominators. Ex. 6. P. 60. 

22. How do you Add fractions.? R. P. 61. 

23. What is the sum of 1^^ —^ and -A_ ? Ex.10. P.62. 

a — b a+b a-j-x 

21. Give the process for the subtraction of fractions. R. P. 
62. 

25. From 3x+- take x— 1"Z:\ Ex. 7. P. 63. ^ 

b c 

26. How do you multiply one fractional quantity by another? 
R. P. 62. 

27. Multiply a+ -^ by ^ -^ Ex. 8. P. 64. 

a — X x+x^ 

28. How do you divide one fraction by another ? R. P. Qo. 

29. Divide ^-Ult by ^^-^. Ex. 8 P. 66. 

x^'— 2bx+b2 ^ x— b 

30. Divide !^ by i-t^. Ex. 10. P. 66. 

a— 1 •" 1— a' 

31. What effect will it have on the quotient to change the signs 
either of the numerator or denominator ? Art. 69. 

32. How will the value of the fraction be affected by adding 
the same quantity to both terms of a proper fraction ? Art. 70. 

33. By adding the same quantity to both terms of an improper 
fraction? Art. 70. 

34. Demonstrate the principle in the last two questions. 

35. If the same quantity be subtracted from each term of a 
proper fraction, how will the value of the fraction be affected ? 
Art. 70. 

36. By subtracting the same quantity from each term of an 



138 THE COMPLETE EXAMINEK. 

improper fraction, what effect on the vahie of the fraction ? Art. 
70. 

37. Explain the principle in the last two questions.^ 

88. Multiply E=^-t?2 by E!zl^li! «„d g,t ^izllf ±28 
X- — Gx X" — ox X- 

Ex. 5. P. G8. 

39. Divide 1+1^ by 1— iH^ and get n. ' Ex. 8. P. 08. 

n+1 n+1 

40. From iilf! take Izi^'. Ex. 4. P. 08. 

I~x2 l+x2 

41. What does the sign Zero t-ignify? Art. 71. 

42. What is the sign of infinity ? Art. 71. 

EQUATIONS OF THE FIRST DEGREE. 

1. Wliat is an Equation ? Art. 72. 

2. What are members of an Equation ? Art. 72. 

3. What is the First Member ? Which the Second ? Art. 72. 

4. How many unknown quantities may an equation have? 
Art. 73. 

5. How are equations classified .'^ Art. 73. 

6. How can you tell what degree an Equation is ? Art. 73. 

7. What are Numerical Equations ? Art. 74. 

8. Define Literal equations. Art. 74. 

9. What is an Identical equation ? Art. 75. 

10. State the properties of an equation. Art. 76. 

AXIOM. 

1. Define an Axiom. Art. 76. 

2. How many axioms are used in Algebra ? Art. 76. 

3. Give the six axioms. Art. 76. 

SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS. 

1. What do you understand by the Solution of an equation? 
Art. 77. 

2. What do you understand by the Transformation of an Equa- 
tion ? Art. 78. 

3. Of what does the First Transformation consist? Art. 78. 

4. How do you transform an equation involving fractional terms 
to one involving only entire terms? R. P. 76. 



ALGEBRA. loD 

K T> 1 ax 2c'^x , .-. 4bc^x 5a3 , 2c^ o, , 

5. Reduce — — +42 = — + — — 3b, to an equa- 

b ab a^ b'^ a 

tion involving only entire terms. Ex. 4. P. 77. 

6. Of what does the second transposition consist ? Art. 79. 

7. How do you transpose a term of an equation from one mem- 
ber to the other ? R. P. 77. 

8. Upon what principle is the Rule founded for the last ques- 
tion? 

9. Give the Hule for Solving sm equation of the first degree. 
R. P. 78. 

10. Find the value of x m the following: 2x — = . 

° ^2 

Ex. 16. P. 80. 

11. Solve the following : (a+b)(x-b)_3^^4ab-b^_^^^ 

a — b a+b 

^'—^^, Ex. 18. P. 80. 
b 

12. Of how many parts does the solution of a problem consist? 
Name them. Art. 81. 

13. Of what does the statement consist? Solution? Art. 81. 

14. What is the Rule for "Stating" problems? R. P. 81. 

15. Solve the following : A capitalist receives a yearly income 
of $2940 ; four-fifths of his money bears an interest of 4 per 
cent., and the remainder of five per cent. ; ho^v much has he at 
interest? Ex.18. P. 87. 

16. In a certain orchard one-half are apple trees, one-fourth 
peach trees, one-sixth plumb trees, 120 cherry trees, and 80 pear 
trees ; how many trees in the orchard ? Ex. 20. P. 87. 

17. A person in play lost one-fourth of his money, and then 
won 3 shillings ; after which he lost one-third of what he then 
had ; and this done, found that he had but 12 shillings remaining: 
what had he at first ? Ex. 28. P. 88. 

ELIMINATION. 

1. Define Elimination. Art. 83. 

2. How many methods of Elimination are there ? Art. 80." 

3. Give the method by Addition and Subtraction. R. P; 
91. 



140 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

4. Explain the method by Substitution. Art. 85. 

5. Illustrate by an example the method of Elimination by com- 
parison. Art. 86. 

6. How do you solve a problem involving three equations and 
three unknown quantities ? Art. 87. 

7. What is a Simultaneous equation ? Art. 82. 

8. Give the general Rule for solving a j^roblem containing any 
number of equations and unknown quantities. R. P. 94. 

9. Given 2x+3y=16 and 3x — 2y=ll, to find the values of 
X and y. Ex. 1. P. 95. 

10. -+7y=99, and ^-|-7x=51, to find the values of x and y. 

Ex. 3. P. 95. 

11. Given 7x— 2z+3u=17o 4y— 2z+t=ll. 5y— 3x— 2u=8. 
4y — 3u4-2t=9, and 3z + 8u=33, to find the values of x, y, z, u, 
and t. Ex. 8. P. 95. 

12. Solve the following: A's age is double B's, and B's is 
triple C's, and the sum of their ages is 140; what is the age of 
each? Ex. 11. P. 99. 

13. A footman agreed to serve his master for £8 a year and a 
livery, but was turned away at the end of 7 months, and received 
only £2 13s 4d and his livery; what was its value? Ex. 16. 
P. 100. 

14. If A and B together can perform a piece of work in 8 
days, A and C together in 9 days, and B and C in 10 days, how 
many days would it talve each person to perform the same work 
alone? Ex.20. P. 100. 

15. A banker has two kinds of money ; it takes a pieces of the 
first to make a crown, and b pieces of the second to make the 
same sum. Some one offers him a crown for c pieces. How 
many of each kind must the banker give him ? Ex. 28. P. 102. 

INDETERMINATE EQUATIONS AND PROBLEMS. 

1. Define an Indeterminate Equation. Art. 88. 

2. What is an Indeterminate Problem ? Art. 88.* 

3. How many equations must there be for a given number of 
unknown quantities ? 



ALGEBRA. 141 

4. What do you understand by the Interpretation of Negative 
Results ? Art. 89. 

5. Solve and explain the following : A Father has lived a 
number of years expressed by a ; his son a number of years ex- 
pressed by h. Find in how many years the age of the son will 
be one-fourth the age of the father. Ex. 2. P. 107. 

6. State the four principles in regard to negative results. P. 
108, 109. 

7. What do you understand by the Discussion of Problems ? 
Art. 91. 

8. What is an Arbitrary quantity? Art. 91. 

9. Give and solve the problem of the Couriers. Art. 91. 

10. Explain all the conditions of the last question. Art. 91. 

INEQUALITIES. 

" 1. What is an Inequality? Art. 92. 

2. State the six distinct frinciples belonging to inequalities. 
P. 114, 115, 116. 

3. Find x in the followins^: - — ax+ab <-. Ex. 5. P. 116. 

° 7 . ^7 

POWERS AND ROOTS. 

1. What is the square of a quantity? Art. 93. 

2. Define the Square Root of a quantity. Art. 93. 

3. The square of a Number composed of tens and units is 
equal to what? Art. 94. 

4. Illustrate the last question by squaring 64. 

5. Also by squaring 365. 

6. Extract the square Root of 96785436. 

7. How do you extract the square root of a number ? Art, 95. 

8. Demonstrate the Rule for square root. Art. 95. 

9. When can you increase the entire part of the root by 1 ? 
Art. 95. P. 122. 

10. To what is the number of places in the root always equal? 
Rem. II. P. 123. 

11. Is the square root of an imperfect square commensurable 
with 1. Rem. 3. P. 123. 



142 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER, 

EXTRACTION. OP THE SQUARE ROOT OF FRACTIONS. 

1. How do you extract the square root of a fraction ? Art. 9G. 

2. How do you extract the square root of a fraction when the 
numerator and denominator are not both perfect squares ? Art. 
96. 

3. How do you extract the square root of a whole number 
which is an imperfect s'quare to within less than a given fractional 
unit? Art. 97. 

4. How do you obtain the approximate root in decimals ? Art. 
97.* 

5. Give the rule for extracting the square root of a vulgar frac- 
tion in terms of a decimal. Art. 99. 

6. Find the V^H to within less than 0.0001. Ex.2. P. 129. 

15 

EXTRACTION OF THE SQUARE ROOT OF ALGEBRAIC QUANTI- 
TIES. 

1. How do you extract the square root of Monomials? Art. 
100. 

2. How do you extract the square root of a Polynomial ? Art. 
101. 

3. Demonstrate the Rule for square root of polynomials. Art. 
101. 

4. Find the square root of 4x^4-1 2x^4- Sx'^ — 2x'4-7x^ — 2x+l. 
Ex. 4. P. 132. 

5. Find the square root of 25a''b2—40aVc+76a=bV—48abV 
-|-36bV— 30a%c+24a^bc-— 3Ga-bc^+9a''c^ Ex. 6. P. 132. 

G. Is a binomial a perfect square ? P. 133. 

7. When is a trinomial a j)erfect square? P. 133. 

8. 'v/9a6_48an)'^+G4a"b^=what ? P. 133. 

RADICAL QUANTITIES OF THE SECOND DEGREE. 

1. Define a Radical Quantity. Art. 102. 

2. What is a Radical of the third degree f 

3. Define Similar Radicals. Art. 103. 

4. How do you simphfy a Radical of the second degree ? Art. 
105. . 



, ,, ALGEii;;A! 143 

5. Give the two principles upon wliich the simplification of 
radicals depend. Art. 101. 

G. How do you Add Radicals ? Subtract Radicals ? Art. lOG. 

7. I-Iow^ do you Multiply Radicals ? Art. 107^ 

8. How do you Divide one Radical by another ? Art. 108. 

9. Give the sum of ^\ and ^/Tl. Ex. 7. P. 142. 

10. Give the sum of 2 ^I and 5 v/X. Ex. 12. P. 142. 

3 8 4 10 

EQUATIONS OF THE SECOND DEGREE. 

1. Define an equation of the second degree. Art. 110. 

2. Write out the form to which every equation of the second 
degree may be reduced. Art. 111. 

3. What does an incomplete equation of the second degree in- 
volve ? Art. 112. 

4. How many roots has every incomplete equation of the sec- 
ond \legrec ? Art. 113. P. 1 45. 

5. Give the Rule and reason for solving an equation of the 
second degree. Art. 114. P. 147. 

6. Find x in the following: mx^+mn=2mV nx+nx^ Ex. 8. 

P. 151. 

'' 2 

7. Find X in the following: a^+b^— 2bx+x2=tliil. Ex. 15. 

P. 151. 

8. What number is that which being divided by the product of 
its digits, the quotient will be 3 ? and if 18 be added to it the or- 
der of its digits will be reversed? Ex. G. P. 154. 

9. What two numbers are those whose difference is 15, and of 
which the cube of the lesser is equal to half their product ? Ex. 
10. P. 155. 

10. Tw^o partners, A and B, gained $140 in trade. A*s money 
was 3 months in trade, and his gain Avas $G0 less than his stock ; 
B's money was $50 more than A's, and was in trade 5 months : 
what was A's stock? Ex. 11. P. 155. 

11. Give the four forms in which an Equation of the second 
degree may be expressed. Art. 117. 

12. Give and solve the Problem of the Lights, with all its con-j 
ditions. Art. 121. 



lii THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

13. Given 51^+2"^ J^rr^b^ ^_^, to fmda:. Ex.4. P. 
X x+a xH-a 

1G6. 



14. Given ^^^lY^^^^ I^, to find a;. Ex. 6. P. 167. 



15. Given f^+^+^^ax+g^^^ ^ ^^^ ^ j,^ g p ^^^ 
a+x 



TRINOMIAL EQUATIONS. 

1. Define a Trinomial Equation. Art. 122. 

2. Give the form to which every Trinomial Equation may be 
reduced. Art. 129. 

3. Give the Huh for solving a trinomial Equation. R. P. 1 68. 

4. What does the solution of a Trinomial Equation of the 
Fourth degree require? Art. 125. 

5. Reduce the following to its simplest form : 

^ab+4(^— d^-— 2 V4abc"— ^. Ex.7. P. 172. 

6. Given x^+x4-y=18 — ^y2 and xy=:6, to find x and y. Ex. 
9. P. 178. 

7. Tlie sum of two numbers is 8, and the sum of their cubes is 
152; what are the numbers? Ex. 6. P. 182. 

8. What two numbers are those whose sum multiplied by the 
greater is equal to 77, and whose difference muhiphed by the 
lesser is equal to 12 ? Ex. 9. P. 182. 

r. Divide 100 into two such parts that the sum of their square 
roots may be 14. Ex. 10. P. 182. 

10. Two merchants sold the same kind of stuff; the second 
sold 3 yards more of it than the first, and togetlier tliey received 
35 dollars. The first said to the second, "I would have received 
24 dollars for your stuff." The other replied, "And I would have 
received 12J dollars for yours." How many yards did each of 
them sell? Ex.18. P. 183. 

11. Given (x^+l)y=(y2+l)x^ and (y«+l)x=9(x2+l)y^ 
to find X and y. 



ALGEBRA. 145 

TERMUTATIONS, ARRANGEMENTS AND COMBINATIONS. 

1. Define Permutations, and give the Law governing them. 
Art. 130. 

2. Define Arrangements, and give the lan^ governing them. 
Art. 131. 

3. Define Combinations, and give the law ro^.-'>rning them. 
Art. 132. 

BINOMIAL THEOREM. 

1. What is the Binomial Theorem? Art. 134. 

2. Explain and give reasons for the Binomial Formula. Art. 
135. 

3. What is the law for the coefficients and exponents ? Art. 
137, 138. 

EXTRACTION OF ROOTS. 

1. How do you extract the cube root of a number. Art. 141. 

2. How do you extract any root of numbers? Art. 142. 

3. How do you extract any root of Algebraic quantities ? Art. 
147, 148. 

4. Explain the 'principles governing the Transformation of a 
radical of any degree. Art. 150-159. 

5. Explain the Rules for imaginary expressions. Art. 1G2, 
1G3. 

6. Explain the principles governing Fractional and Negative 
Exponents. Art. 164-170. 

ARITHMETICAL PROGRESSION. 

1. Of what does a series consist? What is Arithmetical Pro- 
gression? Art. 171, 172. 

2. How do you find the sum of the terms of an Arithmetical 
Progression? Art. 176. 

3. Explain the Formulas belonging to Arithmetical Progres- 
sion. Art. 176. 

4. Find 9 Arithmetical means between each antecedent and 
consequent of the progression 2.5.8.11.14. Ex. 7. P. 241. 

7 ^ 



146 THE COMPLETE EXAMINEE. 

GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION. 

1. Define Geometrical Progression, and give the rules for it. 

2. Explain and give reasons for the Geometrical Formulas. 
Art. 187-192. 

o. Explain the principle of Indeterminate Co-eflicients. Art. 
193-198. 

4. Explain the Principle of Recurring Series. Art. 199-201. 

5. Give the General Demonstration of the Binomial Theorem. 
Art. 202. 

6. State the principles governing the Summation of Series. 
Art. 208. 

7. Explain the principles of Piling Balls. Art. 210-214. 

8. How many balls in an incomplete oblong pile, the numbers 
in the lower courses being 92 and 40, and the numbers in the 
corresponding top courses being 70 and 18? Ex. 7. P. 274. 

9. Explain continued Fractions and Exponential quantities. 
Art. 215-224. 

10. What are Logarithms? Give the General Properties of 
them. Art. 227-229. 

11. Demonstrate clearly the Principles of Logarithms. Art. 
230-241. 

ft 

12. How do you calculate simple and compound Interest oy 
Algebraic Formulas ? Art. 245. 

13. Give and explain the General Theory of Equations. Art. 
244-250. ' 

14. Demonstrate the General Principle of Elimination. Art. 
270. 

15. Demonstrate the principles for finding the Greatest Com- 
mon Divisor. Art. 252-261. 

16. State the principles involved in the solution of numerical 
equations containing but one unknown quantity. Art. 275-280. 

17. Explain the princi23les governing the Limits of Positive 
Roots. Art. 281-285. 

18. Explain Descartes' Rule. Art. 293. 

19. Give and explain Sturm's Theorem. Art. 208-307. 

20. Find the roots of the equation x^ — 2x3+1=0. Ex. 5. 
P. 378. 



GEOMETRY. • 147 

21. Explain Cardan's Kule for solving cubic equations. Art. 

22. What are the roots of the equation x" — 7x" + 14x^=20. 
Ex. 3. P. 381. 

23. Give the Preliminaries to Horner's r.ietliod. Art. 309. 

24. Explain the Principles involved in Horner's method. Art. 
300-314. 

2."). Find the roots of the equation x^ — 10x + 6+l=rO. Ex. 4. 
P. 400. 

Note. — Many additional questions mi§-lit have been proposed, but candidates M-ho can 
answer satisfactorily tlie above questions need feel no embarrassment in an examination iu 
this science. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

Every Teacher of our First Class Schools is now expected to be well 
qualified in the Higher Mathematics, Hence a few questions arc proposed 
in 

GEOMETRY. 

The references in the questions on Geometry are to "Davies' Legendre." 
B. stands for Book. D. for Definition. P. for Proposition. C. for Corol- 
lary. 

1. Define Geometry. 

Ans. — Generically it means the art of measuring the earth; but as it is 
now used Geometry denotes the Science of magnitude in general, — the 
mensuration of -lines, surfaces, solids, with their various relations. 

2. Define Extension. Def. 1. B. I. 

3. What is a Point ? Line ? Straight line 1 B. I. D. 5, G, 
7. 

4. What is a Broken line ? Curvea line ? Surface ? Plane ? 
B. I. D. 8-11. 

5. What is a Curved Surface? Plane Angle? Riglit-Anp;le ? 
B. I. D. 12-14« 

6. What are Oblique Angles ? Hoav many kinds ? B. I. D. 
15. " '^ 

7. Define an Acute Angle. An Ohtu^e Angle. B. I. D. 15. 

8. When are lines parallel? What is a plane figure? B I. 
D. IG, 17. 

0. What is a Polygon ? Triangle ? Hexagon ? Octagon ? 
B. 1. D. 19. 



148 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

10. Define an Equilateral polygon. Equiangular polygon. 
B. I. D. 20. 

11. When are two polygons mutually equilateral and equian- 
gular? B. I. D. 22. 

12. How are Triangles classified? How many classes are 
there ? B. I. D. 23. 

13. Define a Scalene Triangle. An Isosceles triangle. B. I. 
D. 23. 

14. Define Equilateral and Acute angled triangles. B. I. D. 
23. 

15. Define Right-angled triangles, and obtuse-angled triangles. 
B. I. D. 23. 

1 6. What are Quadrilaterals ? Divided into how many classes ? 
B. I. D. 24. 

17. Define Trapezium. Trapezoid. Parallelogram. B. I. 
D. 24. 

18o Into how many classes are parallelograms divided? B. I. 
D. 25. 

10. Define a Rhombus. Rectangle. Square. B, I. D. 25. 
20, What is a Diagonal? A Base? B. I. D. 26, 27. 

DEFINITION OF TERMS. 

1 . What is an axiom ? Demonstration ? Theorem ? B. I. 
D. 27. 

2. What is a Problem ? Lemma ? Proposition ? B. I. D. 
27. 

3. What is a Corollary? Scholium? Hypothesis? Postu- 
late? B. I. D. 27. 

EXPLANATION OF SIGNS. 

Remark. — The explanation of the signs in Geometry is the same as is 
found in the questions on Algebra, which see. 

AXIOMS. 

1. How many axioms are there? B. I. P. 19. 

2. Give them all accurately. B. I. P. 19. 

3. How many Postulates are there? Give them. B. I. P. 
20. 



GEOMETRY. 149 

THEOREMS. 

1. Demonstrate Proposition I. Theorem. B. I. 

2. Demonstrate Prop. IX. B. I. and P. XXV. B. I. Also 
Prop. XXVllI. B. I. 

OF RATIOS AND PROPORTIONS. B. II. 

1. Define Proportion. Ratio. Antecedent. Consequent. B. 
II. D. 2. 

2. How may the ratio of Magnitudes be expressed? B. II. 
D. 3. 

3. When are magnitudes commensurable ? When incommen- 
surable ? B. II. D. 3. 

4. How will you illustrate the principles found in tlie last two 
questions ? B. II. D. 4, 5. 

5. "When are four quantities in Proportion ? B. II. D. G. 

Go When is a quantity a fourth proportional to the other three ? 
B. II. D. 7. 

7. When are thi^ee quantities in proportion ? B. II. D. 8. 

8. When are magnitudes in proportion by Alternation ? B. II. 
D. 9. 

9. When are magnitudes in proportion by Inversion ? B. II. 
D. 10. 

10. When by Composition ? When by Division ? B. II. D. 
11, 12. 

11. What are Equimultiples of two quantities? B. II. D. 
13. 

12. When are two varying quantities reciprocally proportional? 
B. II. D. 14. 

13. Demonstrate P. I, IX and XII. B. XL 

OF THE CIRCLE. B. III. 

1. Define a Circle. Circumference. D. 1. B. III. 

2. What is the Radius ? Diameter ? How do all the radii of 
equal or the same circlf^s, compare in maj^nitude? D. 2. B. III. 

3. What is an Arc? Chord? Sector? Segment? D. 3, 4, 
5. B. IIL 



150 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

4. When is a straight line said to be inscribed in a circle ? D. 
6. B. III. 

5. Define an inscribed trianijle. D. 7. B. III. 

6. Yf hat is an inscribed polygon ? D. 7. B. III. 

7. Define a Secant line. A Tangent. D. 8, 9. B. III. 

8. What is the point of contact ? D. 9. B. III. 

9. Define the point of tangencj. When is a circle inscribed 
in a polygon? D. 11. B. III. 

10. Demonstrate P. IV, YIII, XV and XVIII, in B. III. 

11. Demonstrate Problems III, X, XIII and XV, in B. III. 

I 

BOOK IV. 

1. Define Similar Polygons. D. 1. B. IV. 

2. What are homologons, angles and sides ? D. 2. B. IV. 

3. What do you understand by area'^ Equivalent figures? 
D. 4. B. IV. 

4. When are two sides of one polygon said to be reciprocally 
proportional to tv^o sides of another? D. o. B. IV. 

5. What are similar Arcs, sectors, or segments ? D. 6. B. 
IV. 

6. What is the Altitude of a triangle ? D. 7. B. IV. 

7. What is the Altitude of a parallelogram? Of a Trapezoid? 
D. 8, 9. B. IV. 

8. Demonstrate the following Proposition : 

"The square described on the sum of two lines is equivalent to the sum 
of the squares described on the lines, together with twice the rectangle 
contained by the lines." P. VIII. B. IV. 

"The square described on the hypothenuse of a right-angled triangle is 
equiviilent to the sum of the squares described on the other two sides." 
R XI. B. IV. 

"In every quadrilateral inscribed in a circle, the rectangle of the two di- 
agonals, is equivalent to the sum of the rectangles of the opposite sides 
taken two and two." P. XXXIII. B. IV. 

9. Demonstrate Problems 10, 16 and 18. B. IV. 

BOOK V. 

1. What is a regular polygon? I). 1. B. V. 

2. How many sides may a regular polygon have? D. 2. B. V. 



GEOMETRY. 151 

3- D'^ino^istrate the following Propo.-itiou : 

*'To liisoiibe a square iu a giveu circle," P. III. B. Y. 

4. And the following : 

" Iu a given circle to inscribe a regular decagon." P. VI. B. Y. 

5. Also this Theorem : 

"The arc of a circle is equal to the product of the radius by the clu-.i- 
ference." P. XY. B. Y. 

BOOK VI. 

1. Y»"hcn ii a straight line perpendicular to a plane? D. 1, 3. 
B. Y^I. 

2. When is a plane perpendicular to a line ? D. 2. 13. YI. 

3. When are two planes parallel to each other ? D. 3. B. YI. 

4. Define a diedral ano-le, and the faces and edjje of an angle. 
D. 4. B. YI. 

5. AYhat is the measure of a diedral angle ? D. 4. B. YI. 

G. Define a Polyedral angle. What is the face, edge and ver- 
tex of the Polyedral angle ? D. o. B. Y^I, 

7. Demonstrate the following : 

"Two planes which are perpendicular to the same straight line are paral- 
lel to each other." P. IX. B. YI. 

8. "If two straight lines be cut by three parallel planes, they will be di- 
vided proportionally." P. XY. B. YI. 

9. "The sura of either two of the plane angles which include a triedral 
angle is greater than the third." P. XIX. B. YI. 

BOOK VII. 

1. Define a Poljedron Prism. Base of the prism. D. 1, 2. 
B, YIL 

2. Describe the convex surface of a prism. D. 3. B. Y^II. 

3. Define the altitude of a prism. Yv^hat is a right prism? 
D. 5. B. YIL 

4. What is a triangular prism ? Parallelopipedon ? D. 7. 
B. Y^II. 

5. What is a pyramid? Altitude of a pyramid? D. 0. I^.. 
YIL 



152 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

6. Define a Kiglit Pyramid. Slant Height, Truncated Pyra- 
mid. D. 13. B. VII. 

7. What is the altitude of a frustrum ? Slant Height ? D. 14. 
B. VII. 

8. Define the diagonal of a polyedron. Similar polyedrons. 
D. 16. B. VII. 

9. What is a regular polyedron? Homologous parts of a polye- 
dron ? D. 18. B. VII. 

10. Demonstrate Prop. IV. B. VII : 

"The convex surface of a right pyramid is equal to the perimeter of its 
base multiplied by half its slant height." 

IT. Two triangular pyramids, having equivalent bases and equal altitudes, 
are equivalent, or equal in value. P. XV. B. YII. 

12. Two similar pyramids are to each other as the cubes of their homolo- 
gous edges. P. XX. B. VII. Give the general Scholiums to this Theo- 
rem. 

BOOK VIII. 

1. Define a Cylinder, Cone, Sphere, and Spherical Sector. D. 
1. B. VIII. 

2. Define a Great Circle. Small Circle. Zone. Spherical 
Segment. D. 14. B. VIII. 

3. What are the Tliree round bodies treated of in the Elements 
of Geometry? D. 17. B. VIII. 

4. The solidity of a Cone is equal to its base multiplied by a third of its 
altitude. P. 5. B. VIII. 

5. Every section of a sphere, made by a plane, is a circle. P. VII. B. 
VIII. 

6. The solidity of a sphere is equal to its surface multiplied by a third of 
its radius. P. XIV. B. VIII. 

7. Demonstrate the above Propositions ; also P. XVIII, and 
give General Scholiums. B. VIII. 

BOOK IX. 

1. Define a Spherical Triangle, Lune, Ungula, and the Pole 
of a Circle. D. B. IX. 

2. "Two Symmetrical spherical triangles arc equivalent." P. 16. B. 
IX. 

3. "The sum of all the angles in any spherical triangle is less than six 
right angles, and greater than two." P. XIV. B. IX. 



NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 153 

4. "The surface of a splicvical triangle is equal to the excels of the Fum 
of its three angles above two right angles multiplied by the tri-rectauguiar 
triangle. P. XVIII. B. IX. 

Many other questions and Propositions might have been given, but the above -will be suf 
ficieut to indicate what may be expected in regard to this branch. 



CHAPTER XV. 

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 

PtEMARK. — The increased attention given to Philosophy in our schools at 
the present day reudjers it essential that Teachers should be Avell acquainted 
with this practical science. The references in the following questions on 
Natural Philosophy are to "Peck's Ganot." 

Note. — The Author hesitated in making the selection of a Text-Book, to 
which to refer. But the superior merits of "Peck's Ganot" induced him to 
take that excellent work, trusting that as soon as it should become known, 
it would be in general use. 

Art. stands for Article. Ex. for Example. Exp. for Experiment. P. 
for Page. Fig. for Figure. 

INTRODUCTION. 

1. What is Science? What is a Law? Define the Universe. 
P. 9. 

2. Define Mind. Matter. In what two states may matter ex- 
ist? P.O. 

3. What are the two divisions of science ? P. 9. 

4. What is Natural Philosophy ? P. 9. 

5. Into what may Natural Philosophy be divided ? P. 10. 

6. How may organized matter be divided? P. 10. 

7. What are the corresponding divisions of General Physics ? 
P. 10. 

8. What is Physics Proper? Chemistry? P. 10. 

9. What-are the Pure Sciences? P. 10. 

10. What are the Mixed Sciences? P. 10. 

TRELIMINARY PRINCIPLES AND MECHANICS OF SOLIDS. 

1. What are Physical Agents? Name them. Art. 1. 

2. Define a Body. An Atom. A Molecule. Art. 2. 

o. What are Molecular Forces ? What is Attractive Forces ? 
Pep;llent Forces ? Art. 2. 



154 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

4. What is the 3Iap of a body ? Density ? How are bodies 
divided ? Art. 3. 

5. Define solids and fluids. How are fluids divided? Art. 4. 

6. Define liquids, and gases or vapors. Art. 4. 

7. What are the general properties of bodies ? Art. 5. 

8. Define Magnitude, Form, and Impenetrability. Art. 6, 7. 

9. Define Inertia. Give examples of the principle of Inertia. 
Art. 8. 

10. What is Porosity? Explain the porosity of gold by the 
Florentine. Exp. Art. 9. 

11. Define a Filter. Divisibility. Compressibility. Dilata- 
bility. Art. 10-12. 

12. What is Elasticity? Give examples of the most and least 
elastic bodies. Art. 13. 

MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES. 

1. Define Mechanics. When is a body at rest? In motion? 
Art. 14, 15. 

2. Give examples of Hectilinear and Curvilinear Motion. Art. 
16. 

3. Give examples of Uniform Motion. Varied Motion. De- 
fine Velocity. Art. 17. 

4. Define Accelerated and Retarded Motion. Art. 18. 

5. Define and give examples of Forces, Powers and Hesistances. 
Art. 19. 

G. What three elements determine a force ? Art. 20. 

7. What is a Resultant of several forces ? Illustrate. Art. 
21. 

8. Explain the parallelogram of forces. Art. 22. 

9. Explain the flight of an Eagle. The sailing of a boat. 
Art. 23, 24. 

10. What is the Resultant of parallel forces acting in the same 
direction? Art. 25. 

11. Acting in different directions? Ex. Art. 25. 

12. When are forces in equilibrium? Illustrate. Art. 26. 

13. Define Centrifugal force. Centripetal force. Art. 27. 



NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 155 

14. How does a body move when the centripetal force is de- 
stroyed? Art. 27. 

15. State some of the effects of the centrifugal force. Art. 28. 
IG. What is a machine? A Motor? What is the advantage 

of machines ? Art. 29. 

17. Define a Lever. Tell how many classes. Example of 
each. Art. 30. 

18. What are the lever anns? What is the relation between 
the power and resistance? Art. 31. 

19. What is the relation between the power and velocity? 
Art. 31. 

20. Is there any gain of power in using a lever ? Ex. Art. 
ol. 

21. Explain the scissors, and nut-cracker. Art. 32. 

22. Name any other simple machines. Art. 33. 

23. What machines are formed by combinations of simple ma- 
chines ? Art. 33. 

24. What are the seven mechanical powers ? Name them. 
Art. 33 

PRINCIPLES OF GRAVITATION. 

1. What is the force of Gravity ? What is Universal Gravi- 
tation ? Art. 34. 

2. Explain the law of Universal Gravity. Art. 34. 

3. State Newton's laAV. Art. 34. 

4. State the effect of gravitation on the planets. Art. 35. 

5. What are the orbits of planets ? What is the force of 
Gravity? Art. 36. 

G. Wliat is the shape of the Earth? Define a vertical line. 
Art. 37. 

7. Where do vertical lines meet? Illustrate by example. Art. 
37. 

8. When are vertical lines parallel? When not? Give ex- 
ample. Art. 37. 

9. What are antipodes? Define a horizontal Line. Level. 
Art. 37. 

10. What instruments are constructed on the principle of ver- 
ticals and horizontals ? Art 37. 



156 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

11. Define weight. Center of Gravity. Art. 40. 

12. When is a body in equihbrium ? Give an example. Art. 
41. 

13. What are the three cases of equilibrium? Give example. 
Art. 42. 

14. Define Stable, Unstable and Neutral equilibrium. Art. 
42. 

15. What bodies are most stable? Illustrate by example. 
Art. 43. 

1 6. How do men and animals maintain a stable position ? Art. 
43. 

17. Where is the center of gravity in man? 

18. Explain the principle of rope dancing. Art. 43. 

19. Define a balance. Beam. Fulcrum. The scale. Art. 
44. 

20. On what principle are bodies weighed ? Art. 44. 

21. What are the requisitions for a good balance? Art. 45. 

22. State the methods of testing a Balance. Art. 46. 

23. What is the first law of falling bodies? The second? 
Art. 48. 

24. The third ? Illustrate eacli by an example. Art. 48. 

25. What is an Inclined Plane ? Explain its principle. Art. 
49. 

26. How would you prove the third law of falling bodies? 
Art. 50. 

27. What use is mad.e of the inclined plane? Art. 51. 

28. What is a screw? A wedge? Art. 51. 

29. What is a Pendulum? Why does it vibrate? Art. 52. 

30. Explain the construction of the simple and compound pen- 
dulum. Art. 53. 

31. Explain the laws that govern the vibration of the pendu- 
lum. Art. 54. 

32. Mention some of the Applications of the Pendulum. Art. 
bo, 

33. Why do clocks lose time in summer, and gain in winter ? 
Art. bb. 



NATUKAL PHILOSOPHY. 157 

34. What is the length of a second pendulum in New York? 
Art. b5. 

35. Describe a metronome. Art. 5Q, 

PRINCIPLES OF MOLECULAR ACTION. 

1. Define mokcular forces. How divided? Art. 57. 

2. Explain the effects of compressing and stretching bodies. 
Art. 57. 

3. Define Cohesion. Adhesion. Give examples of each. 
Art. 58, 59. 

4. Give example and explain the phenomena of Capillarity. 
Art. 60. 

5. Give examjDles and illustrate the principles of Absorption 
and Imbibition. Art. 62, 63. 

6. What principle is involved in the anecdote Pope Sixtus 
Quintus? Art. 63. 

7. What effect will wetting ropes have on their length ? Art. 
63. 

8. What is Tenacity ? What bodies are most tenacious ? Art. 
64. 

9. What is the form of greatest strength ? Art. 64. 

10. Define Hardness and Ductility. Malleability. Art. 65, 
66, 67. 

MECHANICS OF LIQUIDS. 

1. Define Hydrostatics. Hydronamics. Art. 68, 69. 

2. Say what you can concerning the properties of Liquids. 
Art. 69. 

3. What is the principle of Pascal ? Art. 70 

4. State and explain the laiv in regard to the pressure of liquids. 
Art. 71. 

5. How is the lateral pressure demonstrated ? Art. 72. 

6. Explain the upward pressure of liquids. Art. 72. 

7. Explain the Hydrostatic Paradox. Art. 74. 

8. What is the principle of the Hydraulic Press? Art. 76. 

9. Illustrate the power of the Hydraulic Press by an example. 
Art. 76. 



158 TFIE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

10. Explain the difference between equilibrium of solids and 
liquids. Art. 77. 

11. What are the conditions of equilibrium in the case of li- 
quids of different densities. Art. 80. 

12. Describe a Water Level and its use. Art. 82. 

13. Describe the principle of the spirit level. Art. 83. 

14. Define a spring. Fountain. Artesian Wells. Art. 85. 

15. P^nunciate the principle of Archimides. Art. 86. 
IG. What is a Hydrostatic balance? Art. 87. 

17. Explain the princii^les of Floating Bodies. Art. 89. 

18. Give examples and illustrate the principles of Flotation. 
Art. 90. 

19. Explain the action of the swimming bladder of Fishes. 
Art. 91. 

20. What is the safest position in the water ? Art. 92. 

21. Define Specific Gravity. Art. 93. 

22. How do you find the specific gravity of bodies ? Art. 93. 

23. What is Nicholson's Hydrometer ? Art. 94. 

24. How do you find the specific gravity of a liquid by the bal- 
ance? Art. 95. 

25. Which is the heaviest solid ? Liquid ? Art. 95. 

26. Describe Beaume's Areometer. Art. 96. 

27. Describe the principle and object of the Alcoholometer. 
Art. 97. 

28. Define the Lactometer and its use. Art. 98. 

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GASES AND VAPORS. 

1. What is the difference between gases and vapors? Art. 99. 

2. How many known gases are there ? Which have not been 
liquified? Art. 99. 

3. Describe the composition and uses of the Atmosphere. Art. 

100. 

4. How is the expansive force of air shown? Art. 101. 

5. How can you show that air has weight? Art. 102. 

6. What can you say of Atmospheric pressure ? Art. 104. 

7. How does pressure vary as we ascend? Art. 104. 



NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 159 

8. Explain the princi'ple of the Madgeburg Hemispheres, not 
the apparatus. Art. 106. 

9. What is the pressure on the square inch? Art. 107. 

10. Pascal's Experiment in detail, and his mode of reasoning. 
Art. 108. 

11. Define a Barometer, and explain its principle. Art. 109. 

12. Describe the Cistern Barometer in all its parts. The Ther- 
mometer. Art. no. 

13. Describe the siphon Barometer. Art. 111. 

14. What are the requisites of a good Barometer? Art. 112. 

15. Where are the fluctuations of the barometer greatest? 
Least? Art. 113. 

16. How is the height of a Barometer for a day or year de- 
termined? Art. 113. 

17. Yv^hat are the causes of Barometrical fluctuation? Art. 
114. 

48. When does the barometer rise? Fall? Art. 114. 

19. Explahi the use of the Barometer as a weather glass. 
Art. 114. 

20. Describe the difference between the Index and Siphon 
barometer. Art. 115. 

21. On what principle can you measure the heights of moun- 
tains by a barometer? Art. 116. 

22. What is height of the atmosphere? Art. 117. 

1^3. How are pressures transmitted through gases? Art. 118. 

24. What is the amount of pressure on the human body? Art. 
119. 

25. How is that pressure sustained? Art. 119. 

26. Describe Mariotte's Law. Its consequence. His Tube. 
Art. 120, 121. 

27. How is the tube used to verify Jiis Imv? Art. 121. 

28. Explain the Manometer and the different kinds. Art. 122. 

29. Describe the Open Manometer. Closed Manometer. Art. 
123, 124. 

30. What is the object of the Manometers? Art. 124. 



160 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

AIR PUMP. 

1. What is an Air Pump? When and by whom invented? 
Art. 125. 

2. Give a complete description of the air pump. Art. 125. 

3. Explain clearly the action of the air pump. Art. 125. 

4. How may the degree of rarefaction be measured ? Art. 1 2G. 

5. Mention some experiments with the air pump. Art. 127. 

6. How and why are articles of food preserved in vacuo ? 
Art. 128. 

7. What applications are made of this principle? Art. 128. 

8. Explain the difference between the air pump and Condenser. 
Art. 129. 

9. How is the degree of condensation measured? Art. 129. 

10. State the effect of condensed air on combustion. Life. 
Divers. Art. 129. 

11. Describe an Artificial Fountain. Art. 130. 

12. Describe Hero's Fountain. How prepared for use? Art. 
131. 

13. Describe an Intermittent fountain. Art. 132. 

14. Explain the principle of the Atmospheric Inkstand. Art. 
133. 

WATER PUMPS. 

1. What is the difference between an air-pump and a water 
pump? Art. 125-134. 

2. Describe in all its parts the Suction and Lifting pump. Art. 
135. 

3. Explain the action of this pump. Art. 135. 

4. What and how many forms may be given to the force pump? 
Art. 136. 

5. What is the difference between a Fire Engine and a pump? 
Art. 137. 

6. How is the fire engine supplied with water? Art. 137. 

7. How high may water be raised by the forcing pump ? Art. 
138. 

8. Describe a Siphon, and tell when it may be used with ad- 
vantasre. Art. 139. 



NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 161 

\). Explain the principle and action of the Siphon. Art. 130. 
10. Describe the Siphon of constant flow. Art. 139. 

BUOYANCY OF THE ATMOSPHERE, 

1. Describe the principle of the Baroscope and its use. Art. 
140. 

2. Give the law of buoyancy^ and tell when a body will rise in 
the air. Art. 140. 

3. Describe a Balloon and its use. Art. 141. 

4. What can you say of the history of ballooning? Art. 141. 

5. With what are balloons filled? Tell how they are filled. 
Art. 142. 

G. How is the ascensional power regulated? Art. 142. 

7. What is the use of the barometer? Art. 142. 

8. Describe a Parachute and its use. Art. 143. 

9. Mention some remarkable balloon ascensions. Art. 144. 

10. Describe the uses of balloons. The great American voy- 
age. Art. 144. 

A USTICS. 

1. Define Acoustics. Sound. What is its cause? Art. 145, 
146. 

2. How is sound transmitted ? What is a sonorous body ? 
Art. 146. 

3. What is a medium ? Explain the vibrating cord. Art. 146. 

4. How is sound imparted to the auditory nerve? Art. 148. 

5. Explain how two sound waves produce silence. Art. 148. 

6. What can you say of sound in vacuuo? Why? Art. 149. 

7. What can you say of the propagation of sound in liquids 
and solids? Art. 150. 

8. How is it shown that the earth transmits sound? Art. 151. 

9. What is the velocity of sound? Art. 151. 

10. Do all sounds travel with equal velocity? Art. 152. 

11. Explain the reflection of somid. What is an echo? Art. 
154. 

12. Explain the causes of echoes. What is a Resonance? 
Art. 155. 



102 THE COMPLETE EXAMINEE. .,.^ 

13. State the causes that modify the intensity of sound. Art. 
157. 

14. How does wind modify sound? Art. 157. 

15. What effect has a tube on sound? Art. 158. 

16. Describe a Speaking Trumpet. Art. 159. 

17. What is the difference between an Ear and speaking trum- 
pet? Ai't. 160. 

MUSICAL SOUNDS. 

1. Define a Musical Sound. A noise. Art. 161. 

2. What does Pitch depend upon? Art. 162. 

3. What can you say of the hmits of Audible Sounds ? Art. 
163. 

4. What is a musical scale ? Gamut ? Why so called ? Art. 
164. 

5. Define an Interval. A third. Fourth. An octave. An 
Accord. Art. 165. 

6. Define a Consonance. Dissonance. Perfect accoi'd. Art. 
165. 

7. Describe a tuning fork. Its use. Art. 166. 

8. Of what are musical cords made ? Art. 1 67. 

9. State the First and Second laws governing vibrations. Art. 
168. 

10. Give the third and fourth laws governing vibrations. Art. 
168. 

11. Plow can you verify the preceding laws? Art. 169. 

12. Describe a Sonometer and its use. Art. 169. 

13. Upon what principles are stringed instruments made? 

14. What can you say of sound from pipes? Art. 170. 

15. Of pipes with fixed mouth-pieces? Art. 172. 

1 6. Describe a Reed and some of the Reed instruments. Art. 
173. 

17. Describe the Bellows used with wind instruments. Art. 
174. 

18. Explain the different wind instruments. Art. 175. 



NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 163 

HEAT. 

1. Define Heat. Cold. Explain the theories of heat. Art. 
177. 

2. Describe the general eflfect of heat on solids. Art. 178. 

3. How is the expansion in volume shown? Art. 179. 

4. Wiiat can you say of the expansion of bodies by heat ? 
Art. 179. 

5., Is there any valuable use made of expansion and contrac- 
tion? Art. 179. 

6. Define sensible heat. Latent heat. Temperature. Art. 
180. 

7. On what principle is a thermometer constructed? Art. 181. 

8. Describe the best thermometer in use. Art. 181. 

9. Describe the process of making a thermometer. Art. 182. 

10. Describe the mode of graduation. Art. 183. 

11. Describe the three principal scales in use. Art. 184. 

12. Explain the method of converting readings from one scale 
to another. Art. 185. 

13. How does the alcohol differ from the mercurial thermome- 
ter? Art, 186. 

14. Give some Rules for using thermometers. Art. 188. 

j^ 15. Describe the two forms of Differential Thermometers. 
Art. 189. 

16. Describe a Pyrometer and its principle. Art. 192. 

RADIATION OF HEAT. 

1. How does it appear that heat may be transmitted through 
space? Art. 193. 

2. State and explain the Laws of Radiant heat. Art. 194. 

3. Explain the mutual exchange of heat between bodies. Art. 
195. 

REFLECTION OF HEAT. 

1. Define reflection of heat. Point of Incidence. Incident 
ray. Art. 196. 

2. Define a reflected ray. What are the angles of incidence 
and rejiection ? 



IGi THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

3. Give the laws which govern the reflection of heat. Art. 
107. 

4. Explain the principles of the concave mirror. Art. 198. 

5. What can you say of the reflecting power of dilFercnt sub- 
stances .'' Art. 199. 

6. Explain Leslie's method of determining the absorbing power 
of bodies. Art. 200. 

7. Explain the Emission Power of a body. Art. 201. 

8. State the causes which modify the reflecting power of bodies. 
Art. 202. 

9. Illustrate the preceding principles by examples. Art. 203. 

10. What can you say of the Conductibility of solid bodies ? 
Art. 204. 

11. State the principle in heating liquids. Art. 205. 

12. Are liquids and gases good or bad conductors? Art. 206. 

13. How are liquids and gases heated? Art. 205. 

14. Give some applications of the preceding principles. Art. 
207. 

15. State the laws of expansion of solids, liquids and gases. 
Art. 208. 

16. Give some examples illustrating the above laws. Art. 209. 

17. Which is the most easily broken, a thick glass or a thin 
one ? Why ? Art. 209. 

18. What effect has heat on a pendulum? Art. 210. 

19. Exj)lain the theory and construction of Harrison's Gridiron 
Pendulum. Art. 210. 

20. Why are liquids more expansible than solids'^ Art. 211. 

21. At what Temperature has water the greatest density? 
Art. 212. 

22. What blessing flows from this exception to the general lav/ ? 
Art. 212. 

23. State the law of expansion of gases. Art. 213. 

24. Give some general examples in the applications. Art. 214. 

25. On what does the density of a gas depend? Art. 215. 

26. Define Fusion, and tell when it takes place. Art. 216. 

27. Define latent heat. Sensible heat. Congelation. Art. 
217, 218. 



NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 



105 



28. What is Crystalization ? Give examples. Art. 219. 

29. What is a freezing mixture? Give an example. Art. 220. 

30. What is vaporization? Condensation? Give example. 

Art. 221. 

31. Which is the most important vapor? Art. 221. 

32. Describe volatile and fixed liquids. Art. 221. 

33. What can you say of evaporation under pressure ? Art. 

222. 

34. Wliy does a chestnut snap when roasted? Art. 222. 

35. Why do vapors escape from the surface of liquids ? Art. 

223. 

3C). When does vapor cease to form? Example. Art. 224. 

37. When is space saturated with vapor? Example. Art. 

225. 

38. State the causes that accelerate evaporation. Art. 22 G. 

39. Define Ebullition. Give examples. Art. 227. 

40. Give the causes that modify the boiling point of liquids. 

Art. 228. 

41. What effect has the nature of the vessel on ebullition? 

Example. Art. 227. 

42. Explain the principle of Papin's Digester. Art. 229» 

43. What causes explosions of steam-boilers ? Art. 229. 

44. Explain Dalton's apparatus for measuring the tension of 
vapors. Art. 230. 

45. What is latent heat of vaporization? Art. 231. 

4G. Give examples of cold produced by heat becoming latent. 

Art. 232. 

47. Why does evaporation produce cold in surrounding bodies? 

Art. 233. 

48. Explain the experiment with sulphurous acid. Art. 233. 

49. Can mercury be frozen ? How ? Art. 233. 

50. State what you can in regard to condensation of vapor. 
Art. 234. 

51. What degree of heat is required for distillation ? Art. 237. 

52. Define an Alembic, and tell how distillation is effected? 

Art. 238. 

53. How are gases liquefied ? Art. 239. 



16G THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

54. Explain the apparatus and process of liquefying carbonic 
acid. Art. 239- 

55. How do you compare bodies with respect to specific heat ? 
Art. 240. 

56. Define a Hygrometer. Illustrate. Art. 241. 

57. Under v/hat circumstances does the quantity of moisture in 
the air vary ? Art. 242. 

58. Explain the Hygroscope and its use. Art. 243. 

59. Explain the principle of the hair Hygrometer. Art. 244. 

60. What is meant by the hygrometric state of the atmosphere? 
Art. 245. 

61. Explain how dew, fogs, clouds and rain are formed. Art. 
246. 

G2. Define /)'os^ snoiv, hail and winds. Art. 249, 250. 

63. What are the causes of winds? Regular? Periodic? 
Variable ? Art. 252. 

64. Define an anemometer, and give the velocity of winds. 
Art. 254. 

65. What are the sources of heat ? Art. 255. 

^(d. What are the causes of cold? Illustrate. Art. 256. 

OPTICS. 

1. Define optics. Sight. Explain the two theories of light. 
Art. 257-259. 

2. What are the principal sources of light? Art. 260» 

3. Define Opaque and Transparent bodies. Art. 261. 

4. Explain the phenomenon of Absorption. Cause. Art. 262. 

5. What is a ray of hght ? Pencil and Beam of light ? Art. 
263. 

6. What is the velocity of light? By whom determined? 
Art. 264. 

7. How does the intensity of light vary with the distance? 
Art. 265. 

8. Describe the Photometer and its use. Art. 265. 

9. What can you say of the Reflection of Light ? Give ex- 
amples. Art. 266. 

10. Give and explain the laws of reflection. Art. 268. 



IS'ATURAL FiiiLOSOrilY. 107 

1 1 . What are mirrors ? How are images formed by plane re- 
flectors? Art. 272. 

12. Explain the Nature of the images formed. Art. 273. 

13. What is a curved mirror? Concave? Convex mirror? 
Art. 277. 

1-i. Describe the principal focus of a concave mirror. Art. 

278. 

15. What are conjugate Foci? Radiant? Art. 279. 

16. What can you say of the formation of images by concave 
reflectors ? Art. 280. 

17. Of the formation of images by convex reflectors? Art. 
283. 

REFRACTION. 

1. Explain refraction and its cause. Art. 284. 

2. Give and explain the laws of refraction. Art. 286. 

3. Explain the method of proving refraction experimentally. 

4. Explain some of the phenomena of refraction. Art. 289. 

5. Why does a flsh seem higher in water than he is? Art. 289. 

6. Explain the phenomenon of total reflection. Art. 290. 

7. On what principle do you explain the mirage? Art. 291. 

8. Define and explain a prism. What effect has it on light ? 
Art. 293. 

9. Explain the course of a ray through a prism. Art. 294. 

10. Which way is the ray bent? What is a Lens? Art. 295. 

11. How many kinds, and of what are lenses made ? Art. 296. 

12. Name and describe the six kinds of lenses. Art. 297. 

13. Where are the centres of curvature of a double convex 
lens? Art. 297. 

14. Describe the principal Focus and focal distance. Art. 299. 

15. Explain the action of a convex lens on sight. Art. 298. 

16. Explain the conjugate foci and the laws. Art. 300. 

17. Explain the formation of an image by a lens. Art. 301. 

18. How does the size of the image compare with that of the 
object in different cases? Art. 301. 

19. What kind of images are formed by convex lenses? Art. 
302. 

20. Explain the principle of Burning glasses. Art. 303. 



168 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER^ 

21. Describe a Light-House. Art. 304. 

22. Explain the refieetors used by Fresneh Art. 304. 

23. Define a Solar spectruL.. Dispension. Art. 305. 

24. ExpLain how a Prism acts to scatter rays. Art. 305. 

25. Give the colors of the spectrum in their order. Art. 305. 

26. What are heat and actinic rays? Art. 305. 

27. What are simple colors ? Why so called? Arl. 306. 

28. Explain how the rays of light may be reunited. Art. 308. 

29. From what does the color of a body arise ? Art. 309. 

30. What is Newton's Theory of the colors of bodies ? Art. 
309. 

31. What are complementary colors? What is the comple- 
ment? Art. 311. 

32. What is an accidental image ? Explain the images of the 
Sun. Art. 312. 

33. Explain the effect of looking at different colored cloths. 
Art. 312. 

34. Explain the Rainbow. Primary and Secondary. How 
formed? Art. 313. 

35. What is Chromatic aberration? Achromatic combina- 
tions? Art. 315. 

OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS. 

1. What are some of the most useful optical instruments? 
Art. 316. 

2. What is a Telescope? How many classes are there? Art. 
317. 

3. What is the difference between the two classes? Art. 317. 

4. Describe the Galilean Telescope. Explain the course of 
the rays in it. Art. 318. 

5. Describe the Astronomical Telescope, and the course of the 
rays in it. Art. 319. 

6. What is the difference between the Terrestrial and Astro- 
nomical Telescopes ? Art. 320. 

7. Describe the Reflecting Telescope and the Newtonian Tele- 
scope. Art. 322. 

8. Describe Herschel's and Lord Ross's Telescope. Art. 323, 
324. 



NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 169 

MICROSCOPES. 

1. What is a microscope? How constructed? Art. 325. 

2. How is the magnifying power determined? Art. 326. 

3. Explain the principle and construction of a compound mi- 
croscope. Art. 327. 

4. Describe the Magic Lantern, and method of using it. Art. 
328. 

5. How does the Phantasmagoria diflfer from the magic Lan- 
tern? Art. 329. 

6. What is the polyrama ? What is the Photo-Electric Micro- 
scope? Art. 33 L 

7. How is the circulation of the blood shown? Art. 331. 

8. Describe the Solar Microscope. The Diorama. Art. 332. 

9. Describe Camera Obscura. For what is it used? Art. 
333. 

10. How are the images made erect? Art. 334. 

11. What is the most important application of the camera? 
Art. 336. 

12. Give a sketch of the history and use of the Daguerreotype. 
Art. 336. 

13. Explain the difference between Photography and Daguer- 
reotyping. Art. 338. 

STRUCTURE OF THE EYE. 

1. Of what is the Eye composed? Use and optical properties? 
Art. 339. 

2. Describe the eye in all its parts. The mechanism of vision. 
Art. 340. 

3. What is the average limit of distinct vision? Art. 341. 

4. Why is a person short-sighted ? Long-sighted? Art. 341. 

5. How are these defects remedied? Art. 342. 

6. Explain how we are enabled to see clearly with two eyes. 
Art. 342. 

7. Explain the theory and construction of the stereoscope. 
Art. 343. 

MAGNETISM. 

1. Define magnetism as a science. A magnet. Art. 345. 

8 



170 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

2. How many kinds of magnets are there? Describe each. 
Art, 345. 

3. What remarkable property does the magnet possess ? Art. 
345. 

4. Where is the strongest attraction ? How shown? Art. 346. 

5. What are poles ? Equator ? Give the Theory of magnets. 
Art. 347. 

6. What other theory is there ? Describe the magnetic action 
of the earth. Art. 347. 

7. State the laws of attraction and repulsion. Art. 348. 

8. What are maornetic bodies ? Masrnetized bodies? Art. 349. 

9. Illustrate by examples. Explain the magnetic swan. Art. 
349. 

10. What is coercive force? How is it in different bodies? 
Art. 350. 

DIKECTIVE FORCE OF MAGNETS. 

1. What direction does a free magnet take? Art. 351. 

2. How is a needle balanced ? Is there any other way ? Art. 
351. 

3. Why has the earth been regarded as a magnet? Art. 351. 

4. Describe the magnetic meridian. Declination of the needle. 
Art. 352. 

5. What is the annual variation ? Perturbations ? Illustrate. 
Art. 352. 

6. What is a Compass ? Describe it. What is its use ? Art. 
353. 

7. How is the compass needle prevented from dipping? Art. 
354. 

8. What substances can be permanently magnetized? Art. 
355. 

9. How are bars of steel magnetized? Explain the method 
of single touch. Art. 356. 

10. Describe a bundle of magnets. An Armature. Art. 357. 

11. What are the advantages of the horse-shoe magnet? Art. 
357. 



NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 171 

ELECTRICITY. 

1. Define Electricity as a science. Whence the name? Art. 

c JO. 

2. "What can you say of the Iiistory of electrical discoveries ? 
Art. 359. 

3. What are the principal sources of electricity? Art. SCO. 

4. Describe the Eiectroocope. Tiie Electrical Pendulum. 
Art. 3G1. 

5. How is it shown that there are two kinds of electricity ? 
Art. 3G2. 

6. Explain fully the Hypothesis of the t^\o Electrical fluids. 
Art. 363. 

7. State the laivs of electrical attraction and repulsion. Art. 
364 

8. Describe Conductors and Insulators. Best conductors. 
Art. 3G5. 

9. Give the method of electrifying bodies. Art. 366. 

10. Where is the electricity of a body found? Art. 367. 

11. What effect has the form of a body? Power of points? 
Art. 368. 

12. Describe Induction. How is an insulated body affected by 
Induction? Art. 369. 

13. Describe an Electrical Machine. When and by whom in- 
vented ? Art. 370. 

14. Explain the operation of the machine. Precautions in 
using it. Art. 373. 

15. Describe the Electrophorous and its use. The Gold-leaf 
Electrometer and its use. Art. 375. 

16. What is an electrical spark ? How obtained? Art. 377. 

17. How is a spark given? Describe an Electrical Stool. 
Art. 878. 

18. Describe an Electrical chime. Electrical Puppet. Wheel. 
Art. 381. 

19. Explain the Electrical Egg. Square. Cannon. Their 
use. Art. 384. 

20. Describe the Electrical Condenser and its use. Art. 387. 



172 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

21. Describe the ways in which a condenser may be discharged. 
Art. 388. 

22. Describe the Discharger and its use. The Lejden Jar. 
Art. 39C. 

23. Describe the Electrical Battery. How charged and dis- 
charged. Art. 391. 

2-1. Describe the condensing Electrometer and its use. Art. 
393- 

25. What are the physiological effects of Electricity? Art. 
394. 

26. What are some of the mechanical effects of Electricity? 
Art. 395. 

27. Explain the heating power of Electricity. Art. 396. 

28. Who first showed the identity of lightning and electricity ? 
Art. 397. 

29. What is Atmospheric electricity? Lightning? Thunder? 
Art. 399. 

30. Describe the effects of the thunderbolt, and means of safe- 
ty. Art. 402. 

31. Describe Electrical meteors. Plail. Tornado. Art. 407. 

32. Describe a Lightning-rod and the conditions that it should 
fulfill. Art. 404. 

33. Describe the Aurora Borealis. What is its origin ? Art. 
408. 

DYNAMICAL ELECTRICITY. 

1. What is Galvanism? Why so called? Wliat is Volta's 
theory ? Art. 410. 

2. Describe the Voltaic Pile. What are the poles? Elec- 
trodes? Art. 412. 

3. What is the electric' current? Chemical Theory of the 
Pile? Art. 414. 

4. Describe the carbon Pile, and the effects of the Galvanic 
Battery. Art. 416. 

5. How may a spark be obtained from a Battery? Art. 417. 

6. Describe the heating and Illuminating effects of the Battery. 
Art. 419. 



CHEMISTRY. 17 



Q 



7. How is water decomposed by the Battery? Oxydes and 
Salts ? Art. 422. 

8. Explain the process of Eiectroiyping. Gilding and Plating. 
Art. 425. 

ELECTRO-MAGNETISM. 

1. What is the relation between magnetism and electricity? 
Art. 426. 

2. Explain the action of the electrical current on the needle. 
Art. 427. 

o. Give the principles established by Ampere and his Theory. 
Art. 430. 

4. Describe the Galvanometer. Galvanic Multiplier, and its 
use. Art. 432. 

5. How is an Iron bar converted into a magnet by magnetism? 
Art. 433. 

6. Describe the Electro-magnet. The Electrical Telegraph. 

Art. 435. 

7. Explain Morse's Registering Telegraph, and the mode of 
working it. Art. 436. 

8. Explain Morse's Manipulator, and Receiver and Alphabet, 
and their uses. Art. 437. 

9. What can you say of Induction by currents, and the prop- 
erties of induced currents. Art. 441. 

10. Describe the Physiological effects of electrical currents. 
Describe Electrical Fishes. Art. 443. 



CHAPTER XVI. 

CHEMISTRY.* 

Remark. — The Progressive spirit of the age has introduced Chemistry 
into our Common Schoolfi. Hence candidates preparing themselves for ex- 
aminations should not stop short of a thorough and accurate knowledge of 
this noble Science. 

The references in the following questions on Chemistry arc to "Wells' 
Principles of Chemistry." Art. stands for article. Ex. for example. Exp. 
for experiment. P. for page. 

*The principal questions contained in tlie first four Chapters in Chemistry have been an- 
ticipated in the Chapter on Natural Philosophy. 



174 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

1. What is Inorganic Chcmistrj? What is a Chemical Ele- 
ment? Art. 250. 

2. Is any substance positively known to be elementary ? Art. 
250. 

3. What is the number of Chemical Elements? Art. 251. 

4. Into what two great classes are the elements usually divided? 
Art. 252. 

5. How many of the elements are gaseous? How many liquid? 
Art. 252. 

6. Hov/ are the elements distributed in nature ? Art. 252. 

7. In what conditioii are they found ? Art. 252. 
8o How are Compound bodies formed? Art. 252. 

9. What is the difference between ancient and modern methods 
of explaining Chemical combination? Art. 254. 

10. Define Affinity, and illustrate the characteristics of it. 
Art. 255. 

11. Illustrate the third and fourth laws of Chemical Affinity. 
Art. 255. 

12. Is the force of Affinity always the same? Hov/ shown? 
Art. 255. 

13. Is matter under any circumstances ever destroyed? Art. 
255. 

14. Under wiiat circumstances will combination occur? Art. 
255. 

15. Define Catalysis. Illustrate by an example. Art. 255. 

16. What is understood by the Nascent state? Art. 255. 

17. Do substances enter into combinations in all proportions? 
Art. 256. 

18. State the laws which govern Chemical combinations. Art. 
256. 

19. State the laiv of definite proportions. Illustrate. Art. 
257. 

20. Explain the Imu of multiple proportions. Art. 258. 

21. Demonstrate the laio of equivalent proportions. Art. 259. 

22. Explain the law of substitution. Chemical Equivalents. 
Art. 261. 

23. Illustrate these laivs by examples. Art. 260. 



CHEMISTRY. 11 ij 

24. May the numbers expressing equivalents be varied and 
changed? Art. 261. 

25. What is the unit of comparison in England and the United 
States? Art. 261. 

26. Explain the laiv of combination by fixed equivalents. Ar{. 
261. 

27. Explain equivalent volumes. Art. 262. 

28. On what Theory is Chemical combination explained ? 
Art. 263. 

29. How is the doctrine of equivalent 114'oportlons explained by 
the Atomic Theory ? Art= 263. 

30. Is there a relation between the atomic weight of an ele- 
ment and its capacity for heat? Art. 264. 

CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE AND SYMBOLS. 

1. What three great classes of substances are recognized by 
Chemists? Art. 263. 

2. Define an Acid. Give an example. What are Bases? 
Example. Art. 265. 

3. Define an Alkali. Example. What arc Salts ? Example. 
Art. 265. 

4. How may the properties of the Acids and Alkalies be illus- 
trated? Art. 265. 

5. What is the difference between an Acid and an Alkali ? 
Art. 265 

6. What are Neutral bodies ? Give example. Art. 266. 

7. What is the origin of Chemical Nomenclature? Art. 267.. 

8. Explain the Nomenclature of the elements. Art. 268. 

9. What are binary compounds ? Ternary ? Give example. 
Art. 269. 

10. What are the compounds of Oxygen called? Chlorine, 
&c.? Art. 269. 

11. What is a Protoxyd? Binoxyd? Give example. Art. 
269. 

12. How are Acid compounds of Oxygen named? Art. 269. 

13. How are the different acid compounds distinguished ? Art. 
270. 



17G THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

14. How are Salts named? Give examples. Art. 271. 

15. AVhat do the prefixes hypo and hyper designate? Art. 
271. 

IG. What two classes of Salts have been reorganized in Chem- 
istry? Art. 271. 

17. Why are symbols used in Chemistry ? Art, 272. 

18. Explain the symbols of Elements. Art. 273. 

19. Explain the symbols of Compounds. Art. 273. 

20. What are dernical formulae ? Art. 274. 

21. How is the composition of Salts indicated by symbols? 
Art. 274. 

22. What constituent is placed first? Art. 274. 

23. Write out the proper symbols of Nitre. 

24. What are Reactions and Reagents ? Art. 275. 

25. Explain Isomerism. Give example. Art. 276. 

26. Explain Alstrophism. Give example. Art. 277, 

27. Write out Marble by the proper symbols. 

28. Write out Alcohol by the proper symbols. 

29. Write out Chloroform by the proper symbols. 

30. Spell Sugar, Chemically, 

NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS. 

1. How are the elements divided? Is this a natural division? 
Art. 278. 

2. How many Metalloids are there? Kame them. Art. 278. 

3. What are the characteristics of the metalloids ? Art. 278. 

4. When and by whom was Oxygen discovered ? Art. 279. 

5. What can you say of the importance and distribution of 
Oxygen ? Art. 280. 

6. How is Oxygen usually procured? Give an example. Art. 
281. 

7. Describe the method of generating Oxygen from Chlorate 
of Potassa. Art. 281. 

8. Why do you mix Manganese with the Chlorate of Potassa? 
Art. 281. 

9. What is the chemical reaction in this experiment? Art. 281 

10. Do plants evolve oxygen? Yv'hat experiment proves this? 
Art. 281, 



CHEMISTRY. 177 

11. What are the properties of oxygen? Ilkistrate. Art. 282. 

12. Explain the action of oxygen on other substances. 

13. What is spontaneous combustion? 

14. Why do leaves, wood and fruit decay? Art. 282, 

15. What is a supporter of combustion ? A combustible Dody ? 
Art. 282. 

IG. Why do you usually apply heat to cause combustion to 
commence ? Art. 282. 

17. What analogy is there between combustion and respiration? 
Art. 283. 

18. How may iron wire be burned ? Explain. Art. 282. 

19. What effect has pure oxygen on animal life? Art. 284. 

20. Illustrate the various conditions under Mdiich oxygen exists 
in combination. Art. 285. 

21. What is Ozone? By whom discovered? Art. 287. 

22. How may Ozone be obtained ? Art. 287. 

23. How is Ozone proved to be simply modified oxygen? Art. 
287. 

24. What can you say of the daily consumption of oxygen ? 
Art. 288. 

25. What is said of the management of gases? ArL 289. 

26. What precautions are necessary in collecting gases? 

27. How may gases be transferred from one vessel to another? 
Art. 289. 

28. Describe Gasometers. How constructed ? Art. 290. 

29. What effect will oxygen have on the red wick of a candle? 

30. Explain iron rust and the burning of a candle. 

HYDROGEN. 

1. Give the history of Hydrogen, the symbol and density. 
Art. 291. 

2. How is hydrogen obtaine j in the greatest purity ? Art. 293., 

3. Wliy does the Blacksmith sprinkle his fires with w^ater? 
Art. 293. 

4. What are the properties of hydrogen? Art. 294. 

5. What is said of the lightness of hydrogen ? Art. 294. 

6. What is said of the inflammability of hydrogen ? Art. 295. 



178 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

7. Will oxjgen and hydrogen unite of their owu accord ? Art. 

8. What are the best explosive mixtures of oxygen and hydro- 
gen ? Art 296. 

9. Explain the hydrogen gun. Art. 296. 

10. What is said of the heating effects of the hydrogen flame? 
Art. 299. 

11. Describe the oxy hydrogen blow pipe. Art. 300. 

12. Describe the Drummond light. Art. 301. 

13. What is said of the nature of hydrogen? Art. 302. 

14. What compounds does hydrogen form with oxygen? Art. 
oUo. 

15. What is the composition of water? How formed? Art. 
305. 

16. Describe the Eudiometer. Give the history of water. 
Art. 306. 

17. What are the properties of Avater? Art. 307. 

18. What can you say of the purity of water? Art. 310. 

19. What can you say of spring waters? Mineral springs? 
Art. 312. 

20. Of Saline Springs ? Thermal Springs ? River Water ? 
Art. 314. 

21. Why is the sea salt? Art. 316. 

22. What can you say of the relative fitness of waters for use? 
Art. 317. 

23. Describe hard water. Soft water. 

24. How may the presence of air in water be demonstrated? 
Art. 320. 

25. How may absolutely pure water be obtained ? Art. 320. 

26. What can you say of the solvent properties of water? 
Art. 321. 

27. Of the chemical properties of water ? Art. 322. 

28. Wliat is a hydrate ? An anhydrous body ? Art. 322. 

29. Describe peroxide or l)inoxide of hydrogen. Art. 323. 

30. How is it formed, and what are its properties ? Art. 323. 



CHEMISTRY. 179 

NITROGEN. 

1. Wliat is the history of JSitrogen? Its nature and distribu- 
tion ? Art. 324. 

2. Wiiat plants contain it in greatest abundance ? Art. 325. 

3. How is Nitrogen obtained ? What are its properties ? Art. 
325. 

4. What can you say of the combination of nitrogen "^ Art. 
327. 

5. What pecuharity has nitrogen in composition ? Art. 328. 

6. What is said of nitrogen in the animal system ? Art. 328. 

7. What is said of the elementary character of nitrogen ? Art. 
328. 

THE ATMOSPHERE. 

1. How was air regarded by the ancients? Art. 329. 

2. When was the existence of separate gases first determined? 
Art. 329. 

3. What is the composition of the air? Art. 330. 

4. In what condition do oxygen and nitrogen exist in the air? 
Art. 330. 

5. What is the proportion of Carbonic Acid in the air ? Art. 

6. What is said of the uniformity of the condition of the at- 
mosphere ? Art. 330. 

7. How much Ammonia is there in the air? Art. 330. 

8. What office does Nitrogen appear to sustain in the atmos- 
phere ? Art. 330. 

9. What is the magnetic condition of the atmosphere? Art. 
330. 

10. How is air analyzed? How are its elements determined? 
Art. 331. 

11. Describe an Aspiralor. Art. 331. 

12. How may compouids of oxygen and nitrogen exist? Art. 

O DO 

oo_. 

13. Describe Nitric Acid. Write the symbols for it. Art. 333. 

14. Describe its history, distribution and preparation. Art. 
334-336. 



180 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

15. What circumstances led to its discovery? Art. 336. 

16. Give the properties of Nitric Acid. What effect has light 
upon it? Art. 337. 

17. Describe its chemical character. How does it act upon 
vegetable fibres ? Art. 338. 

18. Describe the action of Nitric acid on the metals. Art. 339. 

19. Describe the composition of Nitrates. Art. 340. 

20. What does N. O. stand for ? Mention its nature. Art. 
341. 

21. How is protoxyd of Nitrogen prepared? Give its prop- 
erties. Art. 343. 

22. Describe NO^. Name its properties. How prepared. 
Art. 345. 

23. Name and describe NO3.— NO^.— NO5. Art. 346, 347. 

24. Is Iljponitrous Acid a vapor or hquid ? Art. 346. 

25. What are the properties of Peroxyd of Nitrogen? Art. 
347. 

CHLORINE. 

1. Give the history of Chlorine. Distribution. Art. 348. 

2. How is it prepared? Give its properties. Art. 350. 

3. What precautions are to be observed in its preparations ? 
Art. 350. 

4. What is the density of Chlorine ? Can it be liquefied ? 
Art. 351. 

5. What combinations does chlorine form with water? Art. 
351. 

6. What are the relations of chlorine to combustion ? Art. 352. 

7. Why does phosphorus burn in chlorine with feeble light ? 
Art. 352. 

8. What effect does light have upon the mixture of chlorine 
and hydrogen ? Art. 353. 

9. Wljat experiment illustrates this ? Art. 353. 

10. Explain the theory of bleaching by chlorine. Art. 354. 

11. What is said of clilorine as a disinfectin"; ajxent? Art. 355. 

12. jMention tlie compoun;ls of Chlorine. Art. 356. 

13. Describe IT. Cl. T(."ll liow ])]-ppared. Art. 357. 

14. Explain the chemical reaction in this case. 



CHEMISTRY. 181 

1.5. Describe the Muriatic acid of commerce. Art. SCO 

16. What is Aqua Regia? How formed? Give its proper- 
ties. Alt. 361. 

17. What is said of the oxyd of Chlorine? Art. 362. 

18. What is hypochlorous acid? Art. 363. 

19. Name and describe CAO. CL O., and give its properties. 
Art. 365. 

20. Describe Ch O3, and give its properties. Art. 365. 

21. Name and describe KO. CI. 0-, and give its properties. 
Art. 367. 

22. What is said of the Chloride of Nitrogen ? Art. 369. 

23. What was the original method of bleaching? Art. 370. 

24. Describe the present method of bleaching. Art. 370. 

25. What is the natural state of cotton fibres ? Art. 370. 

26. Give the whole process of bleaching cotton goods. Art. 
370. 

IODINE. 

1. When and by whom was Iodine discovered? Art. 370. 

2. Give its natural history and distribution in nature. Art. 
371. 

3. How is it formed ? Give its properties. Art. 373. 

4. What effect has Iodine on the metals? Art. 374. 

5. What is the test of Iodine ? Describe its principal salt. 
Art. 374. 

BROMINE. 

1. Who discovered Bromine ? Plow obtained ? Properties ? 
Art. 375. 

2. How does Bromine act upon the metals? Art. 378. 

3. What are its uses and compounds? Art. 378. 

FLUORINE, 

1. Describe Fluorine. Why is it difficult to obtain it? Art. 
379. 

2. Describe Hydrofluoric acid. Tell how prepared. Art. 379. 

3. Describe the following compounds : CAF. SO 3. HO. 
CaO. SO3. HF. 



1^2 • THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

SULPHUR. 

1. What is the liistoiy of Sulphur? Art. 380. 

2. Describe its properties. What are its commercial forms? 
Art. 38 i. 

3. What is its affinity for other elements ? Art. 382. 

4. In what two forms does Sulphur crystalize ? 

5. What is the Milk of Sulphur? Art. 384. 

6. Describe the compounds of Sulphur and oxygen. Art. 385. 

7. Describe SOo, its production and properties. Art. 387. 

8. Describe hov>^ SO 3 is made on a large scale. Art. 388. 

9. What is Nordhausen Sulphuric Acid ? Art. 390. 

10. Explain the action of SO 3 on the metals and fibres. Art. 
392, 332. 

11. Describe SO 2 and IIS. Give their properties. Art. 395. 

12. Why do surfaces painted with lead blacken on exposure to 
this gas? Art. 395. 

13. Why are zinc paints, for many situations, preferable to 
lead? Art. 395. 

14. What effect has tellurium upon the animal system? Art. 
397. 

PHOSPHORUS. 

1. Give the history of Phosphorus and its distribution. Art. 
398. 

2. How is phosphorus obtained? Give its properties. Art. 
401. 

3. What is said of its solubility and inflammability? Art. 401. 

4. Why is phosphorus good for the manufacture of matches ? 
Art. 401. 

5. What experiments illustrate the characteristics of phospho- 
rus ? Art. 401. 

G. Describe the poisonous properties of phosphorus. Art. 401. 

7. Describe Allotropic or Atmospheric phosphorus. Art. 402. 

8. Relate the history and origin of matches. Art. 403. 

9. IIow is phosphoric acid prepared? Art. 405, 

10. What are its properties? Art. 405. 



CHEMISTRY. 183 

IL Describe Pliosphoretted Hydrogen, and tell how it is pie- 
pared. Art. 407. 

12. What phenomenon attends its evolution in air? Art. 407. 

13. Describe its properties. Describe the Will O' the Wisp. 
Art. 407. 

BORON. 

1. What is said of Boron? Its properties? Art. 410. 

2. Describe Boracic acid. Ho'.v is it collected? Art. 410. 

3. What is a flux ? Why is borax valuable as a flux ? Art. 
411. 

SILICON. 

1 . Relate the history of Silicon. Is the pure element known ? 
Art. 412. 

2. Describe Silica. Quartz. Amethyst. Sand. Art. 413. 

3. Give the properties of each. Art. 41 4.* 

4. Wiiat are examples of natural silicates? Art. 414. 

0. Describe fluosilicre acid. Art. 415. 

CARBON. 

1. What can you say of Carbon? Its specific gravity? Art. 
416. 

2. In what condition is carbon found naturally? Art. 416. 

3. Under what circumstances is the diamond found? Art. 417. 

4. How is it cut ? In what form is it cut for jewelry ? Art. 
417. 

5. What is the origin of the diamond? Art. 417. 

6. How large a diamond has ever been found? Art. 418. 

7. Have any attempts been made to manufacture diamonds ? 

8. What is a graphite? What is said of its use? Art. 419. 

9. Describe gas, carbon, mineral coal, its properties. Art. 421. 

10. Describe Anthracite coal. Coke. Charcoal. Art. 425. 

11. How is Charcoal formed ? Soot? Lampblack? Proper- 
ties of each ? Art. 427. 

12. What is said of the compounds of carbon and oxygen? 
Art. 428. 

13 Describe CO^. Preparation and properties. How solidi- 
fied? Art. 433. 



181 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

14. What are the properties of solidified gas? Art. 433. 

1 5. What are petrifactions ? Art. 435. 

16. Describe the natural production of COg. Art. 43G, 437. 

17. Explain the formation of the carbonates. Art. 438. 
IS. Describe CO. formation and properties. Art. 439. 

19. What is Cyanogin? How prepared? Properties? Art, 
442. 

20. Give the analysis of Prussiate of Potash and Prussian 
Blue. Art. 444. 

21. Give the analysis of Prussic Acid and properties. Art. 
447. 

22. How is it supposed to occasion death ? Art. 447. 

23. Describe organic acid. Art. 450. 

24. What is light Carburetted hydrogen ? Art. 452. 

25. Describe C^. H^. preparation and properties. Art. 454. 

26. How is illuminating gas made? Coal gas? Art. 456. 

27. Describe the whole process of making and purifying coal 
gas. Art. 457, 458. 

28. Describe the explosive compounds of illuminating gas. 
Art. 451). 

29. Give the history of the introduction of gas. Art. 460. 

COMBUSTION. ^~---.-->- 

1. What was the original supposition concerning fire? Art. 
462. 

2. Explain the general principles of the phlogistic theory. 
Art. 462. 

3. By what experiment was the phlogistic theory overturned ? 
Art. 463. 

4. Define Combustion. Supporters of combustion. Art. 464. 

5. Define Combustibles and Burnt bodies. Art. 465. 

6. Describe the difference between combustion and explosion. 
Art. 466. 

7. What is the ori2fin of heat in combustion ? Art. 467. 

8. Is the quantity of heat increased by the rapidity of combus- 
tion? Art. 469. 

9. Is any matter lost during combustion ? Art. 470. 



CHEMISTRY. 185 

10. What are the ordinary products of combustion ? Art. 472. 

11. What good does blowing the fire do? Art. 473. 

12. How much heat will a pound of charcoal in burning evolve? 
Art. 474. 

13. Upon what does the light which accompanies combustion 
depend ? Art. 475. 

14. Describe flame. Art. 475. 

15. What are the materials for illumination? Art. 476. 
IG. Explain the combustion of a candle. Art. 477. 

17. Explain the structure of flame. Art. 478. 

18. What is essential to the existence of flame? Art. 480. 
10. Explain the principle of Davey's safety lamp, — not the 

lamp. Arl. 481. 

20. Give the requisites for an artificial light. Art. 482. 

21. Describe the Argand lamp. Art. 483. 

22. Describe the Blow Pipe. Art. 483. 

METALIC ELEMENTS. 

1. What can you say of the abundance of the metals? Art. 
487.. 

2. What are the essential characteristics of the metals ? Art. 
488. 

3. What is said of their hardness? Density? Malleability? 
Ductility ? Art. 488. 

4. Of their Tenacity'^ Fusibility? Welding? Volubility? 
Art. 488. 

5. Describe Alloys. Amalgam. Do all the metals crystalize ? 
Art. 491. 

6. Describe the metals in the order of their aflfinity for oxygen. 
Art. 492. 

7. How may the metals be classified ? Art. 493. 

8. Which are the Noble metals ? Why so called ? Art. 493. 

9. Describe Potassium. Give its symbol. Specific giavity. 
Art. 494. 

10. Wiiat is said of its distribution ? Preparation? Proper- 
ties? Art. 497. 



186 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

11. Describe KO. How prepared? Properties? Caustic 
Potassa? Art. 499. 

12. Describe KO. CO 2- KOg. CO 2- Give the properties 
of each. Art. 502. 

13. Describe Niter. Give the symbols. Properties. Art. 
503, 501. 

14. Describe Gun-powder. Symbols, properties and elements. 
Art. 505. 

15. How is Gun-powder manufactured? Art. 506. 

16. Is the explosion of Gun-powder instantaneous? Art. 506. 
• 17. How is the goodness of powder tested? Art. 506. 

SODIUM. 

1. Describe Sodium. Where does it occur in nature? Art. 
506. 

2. Describe NaO. HO. Also Na CL, and give the properties 
of each. Art. 510. 

3. Is common Salt a Chemical salt? Why? Art. 512. 

4. What proportion of salt exists in sea water? Art. 512. 

5. What can you say of the solubility of salt? Art. 512. 

6. Say what you can of NaO, SO 3 -^ 10 HO. Art. 513. 

7. Describe in detail NaO, C02-f lOHO. Art. 514. 

8. Describe a reverberatory furnace. Art. 514, Note. 

9. Give the history and introduciion of Carbonate of Soda. 
Art. 514. 

10. Describe Bicarbonate of Soda. Also NaO. NO.. Art. 
515, 517. 

AMMONIUM. 

1. What is Ammonium? Give its symbol. Art. 519. 

2. Analyze Sil-xlmmoniac, and give its symbols. Art. 520. 

3. Describe I r. H^O. The preparation an. 1 projjertics. For 
what used? Art. 521. 

4. Analyze NH^S-j-HS. Wliat are the properties of ilie Ai- 
kalic;. ? Art. 528. 

5. Which are the Alkaline earths? Art. 520. 



CHEMISTRY. 187 

BARIUM AND STRONTIUM. 

1. Describe Barium and BaO, and BaCl. Art. 530. 

2. Describe Strontium. Also SrO. For what used ? Art. 
531. 

CALCIUM. 

1. What is Calcium ? Its equivalent? Symbol? Ai*t. 532. 

2. Give the properties and atomic weight of CaO. Its use. 
Art. 533. 

3. What can you say of Mortars and Cements ? Art. 535. 

4. Describe Hydrauhc Cements. CaO. CO2. Art. 5?>G, 537. 

5. How may the durability of stone be tested ? Art. 539. 

6. Describe in detail CaO, SO3 + 2IIO; also Ca, Ch Art. 
'540-542. 

MAGNESIUM. 

1. Describe Magnesium. Where found? Art. 543. 

2. Analyze Mgo. Give the symbols and properties of Epsom 
Salts. Art. 545. 

3. Also of Mgo, CO 2- Give the properties of the alkaline 
earths. Art. 547. 

ALUMINIUM. 

1. Describe Aluminium and its Oxyd. Art. 540, 550. 

2. Describe and name AI2O3. 3SO3 + KO, SO3 + 24HO. 
Art. 551. 

3. How is Alum manufactured ? Art. 552. 

4. How does Alumina act in dyeing? What are lakes? Art. 
552. 

5. What is Carmine? Clay? Art. 553, 555. 

GLASS AND POTTERY. 

1. What is Glass? Hov/ made? Bohemian glass? Art. 
557, 558. 

2. What is the composition of Common white glass ? Art. 
558. 

3. Analyze Green Glass. Flint Glass. Colored glass. Art. 
559. 

4. Describe Enamel. Amiealmg. Art. 561, 562. 



1«8 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

5. Of what is porcelain made ? For what is it used ? Art. 
564. 

IRON. 

1. Give the history and distribution of Iron. Art. 6(ib. 

2. Is malleable iron found in nature ? How made ? Art. 565. 

3. How may chemically pure iron be obtained? Art. 565. 

4. Name and describe the compounds of iron and oxygen. 
Art. 566. 

5. What are the principal ores of iron? Art. 571. 

6. Name and describe Fe 82* For what is iron used? 

7. Describe Cast Iron. The melting of Iron. Art. 577. 

8. Describe bar-iron. Steel. Give the properties of each. 
Art. 579. 

MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 

1. What are the properties of Manganese ? Where is it found? 
Art. 582. 

2. Mention the compounds of Manganese. Art. 582. 

3. Describe Chromium and all its compounds. Art. 583. 

4. NamePbO. CrOg. Also CaOg. Art.. 584, 585. 

5. For wdiat are the last two substances used ? Art. 585. 

COBALT AND NICKEL. 

1. Describe Cobalt and its oxyd. Also Sympathetic Ink. 
Art. 586, 587. 

2. What is Nickel ? Analyze German Silver. Art. 588. 

ZINC AND CADMIUM. 

1. Describe Zinc. Its properties. Its equivalent. Art. 590. 

2. Ilovf is Zinc reduced from its ores ? Art. 590. 

3. What is galvanized iron ? What is ZnO ? For what uses? 
Art. 593. 

4. Describe Cadmium. Art. 594. 

LEAD AND TIN. 

1. What is said of the distribution of lead'^ What is Galena? 
Art. 595. 

2. AVhat are the properties of lead? Its compounds? Art. 
596. 



CUEMISTRY. 



]80 



3. What effect does water have on lead ? Art. 597. 

4. What salts arrest the action of water on lead? Art. 597. 

5. Describe and name PbO.— 2PB0. PbO,— PbO. CO^. 
Art. 598, 599. 

G. Wliat are antidotes to lead poisoning? Art. COO. 

7. How are shot made ? Composition? Art. 601. 

8. What is Zinc? The cry of tin'^ What is putty powder? 

Art. 603. 

9. Describe Sn CI. and Sn S^. Wliat is tin plate? Art. COS. 

1 0. Analyze Britannia metal and Pewter. How are pins mad e ? 
Art. 605. 

COPPER AND BISMUTH. 

1. What is said of the occurrence of Copper in Nature ? Art. 

606. 

2. What are the properties of Copper ? Why does it corrode ? 

Art. 607. 

3. What is the best solvent of Copper? Art. 608. 

4. Describe and give the properties of CuO — CuO^ — CuO, 
SO3. Art. 610, 611. 

5. Analyze CuO, NO^. Also Verdigris. Art. 612, 613. 

6. Describe the characteristics of the salts of copper. Art. 

614. 

7. Analyze brass. Gun-metal. Bell-metal. Bronze. Art. 

615, 

8. Describe Bismuth and its compounds. Art. 616. 

ANTIMONY AND ARSENIC. 

1. What can you say of Antimony, its use and properties? 

Art. 618. 

2. What are the chief compounds of Antimony? Art. 619. 

3. Describe Tartar Emetic. For what used ? Art. 620. 

4. In what form does Arsenic occur in Nature? Art. 621. 

5. How is the Arsenic of commerce prepared? Art. 621. 

6. Describe AsOg and AsO^. Give their properties. Art. 

622. 

7. Give the tests for Arsenic in detail. Art. 625, 626. 



190 THE COMPLETE EXAZulNEK. 

8. How may Antimony be distinguished from Arsenic ? Art. 
626. 

9 What aiP.onnt of Arsenic is fatal? Art. 626. 

MERCURY. 

1. What can you say of Mercury? Art. 628. 

2. At what temperature does mercury freeze ? Boil? Art. 
629. 

3. What is said of its power to resist oxydation ? Art. 629. 

4. Describe Blue Pill. Mercurial Ointment. Art. 631. 

5. Analyze Calomel and HyCL— IlyoO. Art. 632-635. 

6. Describe Hy S. What are the uses of Mercury? Art. 
637, 638. 

7. Describe the alloys of Mercury. How are mirrors made? 
Art. 639. 

SILVER. 

1. Give the history of silver, and its distribution. Art. 640. 

2. How is silver obtained from the ores? Art. 641. 

3. How is silver freed from lead? What is a Cupel? Art. 
643. 

4. What are the solvents of silver ? 

5. Describe Ago NO^. For what is it used? Art. 647. 

6. Analyze Ag CI. Give its uses. Art. 649. 

7. What is standard silver in U. S. and Great Britain ? Art. 
649. 

8. How may articles be silvered ? Plated? Art. 649. 

9- What is dead silver? What is a test for silver? Art. 649. 
1 0. How may glass be silvered ? Art. 650. 

GOLD. 

1. Give the Natural history of Gold. Art. 651. 

2. How is gold obtained from the earth? Art. 651. 

3. What are the properties of gold and its compounds ? Art. 
652. 

4. How is perchloride of gold prepared ? For what used ? 
Art. 653. 

5. In what condition is gold used in the arts? Art. 654. 



CHEMISTRY. 191 

6. How is the purity expressed ? How obtained ? Art. 654. 

7. What is Assaying ? Quartation ? Bullion ? Art. G55. 

8. How is fine gold prepared ? Gold leaf ? Art. Go G. 

PLATINUM. 

1. How and where is platinum formed in nature? Art. G57. 

2. Mention the properties of platinum. Its infusibiiity. Art. 
G58. 

3. What can you say of its solubility ? Uses ? How manu- 
factured ? Art. 658. 

4. Describe PtO— PtO^— PtCl— PtCl^. Art. 659. 

5. How is spongy platinum prepared? Platinum Black? 
Art. 659. 

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 

1. Define Organic Chemistry. 

2. Describe the composition of organic- substances. Art. 666. 

3. How are so many different organic compounds produced 
from so few elements? Art. 666. 

4. What organic bodies as a class are generally wanting in 
Nitroi^en ? Art. 666. 

5. What are characteristics of orranic and inoraanic bodies ? 
Art. 667. 

6. What circumstances attend the decomposition of organic 
bodies ? Art. 667. 

7. What is the principal origin of organic substances ? Art. 
668. 

8. What are Compound Radicals ? Describe them. Art. 669. 

9. Describe the essential immediate principals of plants. Art. 
670. 

10. Describe Vegetable Tissue. Starch. Gum. Sugar. 
Art. 671. 

11. Name and describe C^o H^io ^-^lo- Analyze Gum. Cot- 
ton. Art. 674, 675. 

12. Describe Collouian, Parchment, Paper. Art. 676-678. 

13. What can you say of the destructive distillation of wood? 
Art. 679. 



192 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

1 4. Of Pyroligneous Acid ? Creosote? Tar? Mineral Oils? 
Art. 680-683. 

15. Of Asphaltum? Of tlie contents of the cells of plants? 
Art. 684, 685. 

16. What is the difference between icood, sugar and gum? 
Art. 690-693. 

17. What is the difFerence between Cane and Grape Sugar? 
Art. 702. 

18. Analyze and describe Albumen, Caseine and Gluten. Art. 
704. 

19. What is the difference between Proteine and Albuminous 
substances? Art. 708, 709. 

20. What distinguishes living from dead organized matter? 
Art. 711. 

21. What is putrefaction ? Fermentation? Yeast? Art. 713- 
715. 

22. Describe the different kinds of fermentation. Art. 716. 

23. What can you say of poisons, contagions? Art. 719. 

24. Name and describe Oo C^ Hg, and all its derivatives. Art. 
721. 

25. Analyze Beer, Wine, Ardent Spirits, Bread. Art. 722- 
729. 

26. Describe all the products of the action of acids upon alco- 
hol. Art. 732. 

27. Analyze Ether, Chloroform, and point out the difference. 
Art. 741. 

28. Analyze and describe all the vegetable acids. Art. 745, 

29. Name the properties of C2 O^ Hg — Cg Hg Okg — Tan- 
nin. Art. 746, 747. 

30. How is Leather made? Ink? Gallic Acid? Art. 751- 
753. 

31. Describe the Organic Alkalies. Also C3 ^ Hg^ NO^. 
Art. 755. 

32. Describe and give the properties of Quinine and Strych- 
nine. Art. 757, 758. 

33. Describe the Organic Coloring substances. Calico print- 
inn. Art. 761-764. 



SCIENCE OF GOVERNMENT. 193 

34. Say what you can of Oils, Fats and Resins. Art. 769. 

35. What can you say of Elastic Gums? Gutta Percha? 
Art. 779-795. 

36. Describe briefly the nutrition and growth of plants, soils 
And manures. Art. 796-804. 

37. AVhat can you say of animal organizations ? Art. 807. 

38. Describe the proximate animal constituents. Art. 808. 

39. What can you say of the composition of the Brain? 
Nerves ? Skin ? Art. 814, 815. 

40. What is the composition of Hair? Wool? Hoofs? Teeth? 
Art. 816-818. 

41. Describe the composition of the Blood. Its circulation. 
Art. 824. 

42. Describe digestion and its functions. Nutrition. Art. 826. 

43. Describe in detail respiration and the composition of the 
lungs. Art. 826. 

44. What are the uses of respiration ? Is the skin a respira- 
tory organ ? Art. 827. 

45. Describe the nature and functions of food. Art. 828. 

46. What are the relative values of different meats and vege- 
tables as nutritive qualities ? Art. 831. 

47. What can you say of the relation between animals and 
plants ? Art. 832. 



CHAPTER XVII. 

SCIENCE OF GOVERNMENT. 

Remark. — In these clays of National trial, every person permitted to 
cross the t/ireshold of the school-roomy as a teacher of youth, should be thor- 
oughly imbued with the fundamcvtal principles of his Government, and 
breathe nought but the vital air of pure lot/alti/. 

Note. — The references in the following questions on the Science of Gov- 
ernment, are to Mansfield's Political Economy. Art. stands for article. 
P. for page. 

1. What do you understand by Sovereignty'? Art. 1. 

2. Give clearly your idea of Government. Art. 2. 

3. Define Law. What is a Constitution ? Art. 3, 4. 

4. Define a Despotism. A Monarchy. Art. 5, 6. 

9 



104 THE COMPLETK EXAMINER. 

5. Explain clearly the difference, if any, between a Republic 
and a Democracy. Art. 7, 8. 

6. In what does a Republic or Democracy differ from an Aris- 
tocracy ? Art. 7, 8, 9. 

7. Wherein did the Republic of Athens differ from that of th-^. 
"United States?" Art. 7. 

8. What is the difference between a Party and a Faction? 
Art. 10, 11. 

9. What is a Legislature? Congress? Art. 12, 13. 

10. How does Legislative power differ from Executive ? Art. 
14, 15. 

11. Describe the Judiciary. Art. 16. 

12. In what does Statute Law differ from Common Law'^ 
Art. 17, 18. 

13. Which is superior. Common or Statute Law? Art. 18. 

14. What is a Corporation? A Charter? A Court? Art. 
19, 20. 

15. Define the terms. Municipal, Jurisdiction. Art. 22, 23. 

1 6. What do you understand by Impeachment ? Crime ? 
Art. 24-27. 

17. Explain the difference between a Verdict and a JuJ:::2:mcnt. 
Art. 25, 26. 

18. What is Treason? Explain in detail in what it consists. 
Art. 28. 

19. What is the difference between Treason and Revolution? 
Art. 28-32. 

20. Define Felony. Reprieve. Diplomacy. Art. 29, 30, 31. 

21. What is the distinction between Diplomacy and Aristocra- 
cy ? Art. 31. 

22. What is an Ex Post Facto Law ? Art. 33. 

23. Describe a Bill of Attainder. Art. 34. 

24. What do you understand by a Bill ? Revenue ? Art. 35, 
36. 

25. What is a Treaty? Art. 37. 

26. In what way does a Foreigner become a citizen? Art. 
38. 

27. What do you understand by Bankruptcy ? Art. 39. 



SCIENCE OF GOVERNMENT. - 195 

28. What is a Test Act ? Art. 40. 

21). Delinc the terms JMlot and Quorum. Art. 41, 42. 

50. What do }ou understand by Majority and Minority ? Art. 
43. 

51. What is the distinction between a Majority and Plurality? 
Art. 44. 

o2. What is an Indictment? A Grand Jury? Art. 45, 4G. 

33. What do you understand by Taxes ^ A Legal Tender? 
Art. 47, 48. 

34. How many forms of Government were there originally in 
the Colonies ? Art. 2. P. 29. 

35. Describe the Proprietory Government. Art. 4. 

36. Describe the Charter Government. Art. 3. 

37. In what respect did the Royal Government differ from the 
Charter or Proprietory Government? Art. 3, 4, 5. 

38. What can you say in regard to the Articles of Confedera- 
tion? Art. 17. 

39. For what did the Articles of Confederation provide ? Art. 
23. P. 37. 

40. What were some of tlie Obvious deficiencies in the Arti- 
cles of the Confederacy ? Art. 25. P. 40. 

41. In what did the idea of Union and the Constitution of 
the United States originate ? Art. 27. 

42. What is asserted in the Preamble of the Constitution ? 
Art. 29. P. 42. 

43. What are the objects proposed in the Constitution ? Art. 
32. 

44. How many Articles does the Constitution of the U. S. con- 
tain? Art. 33. 

45. How many Amendments have been made to it? Art. 33. 

46. To what does the Jirst Article relate? Art. 33. 

47. To what do the several Articles relate ? Art. 33. 

48. Wliat rights are guaranteed in the First Amendment? 
Art. 433. 

49. What principles are modified, or rifjJds secured in each of 
the Amendments? Art. 432, 442. P. 203, 207. 

50. By whom was the Constitution proposed ? Art. 31. P, 43. 



196 , THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

51. Who ratified the Constitution or gave it power? Art. 31. 

52. Explain clearly how the members of Congress are elected. 
Art. 37-50. 

53. Explain in detail how the President of the U. S. is elected. 
Art. 290. 

54. What are the duties of the President ? Art. 308. P. 145. 

55. How is the Vice President chosen? Art. 290. P. 136. 

56. What are the duties of the Vice President? Art. 304. 

57. What can you say of the Cabinet of the U. S. ? Art. 520. 

58. What are the duties of the Secretary of State ? Art. 520. 

59. What are the duties of the Secretary of War? Art. 539. 

60. What can you say of the Department of the Treasury ? 
Art. 538. 

61. Describe the general duties of the Navy Department. 
Art.541. 

62. Give the general duties of the Post Office Department. 
Art. 543. 

63. Mention some of the duties of the Home Department. 
Art. 544. 

64. How man}^ standing committees are there in the House of 
Representatives? Art. 561. 

65. Name the committees. Art. 561. 

(jQ. What can you say of the theory of State Government? 
Art. 476. 

67. What can you say of the practical operation of the State 
Government? Art-^ 578. 

68. What is the difference between the Government of the U. 
S. and that of Great Britain? Art. 6-9. P. 16, 17. 

69. How does the mode of electing a Governor differ from 
that of electing the President of the U. S. ? Art. 290. 

70. How does the mode of electing a Representative to Con- 
gress differ from that of electing a Senator to Congress ? Art. 
37-54. P. 45-52. 

71. How many votes is each State entitled to cast for Presi- 
dent? Art. 492. 

72. What is the difference between the National and State 
Courts? Art. 583. 



MUSIC. 197 

73. In Y.'liat way are the Judges of the National and State 
Courts appohited to office? Art. oil. 

74. What can you say of the Tint of Habeas Corpus ? Art. 
231-600. 

75. Upon what does the Government of the U. S. rest ? Art. 
502. 

76. In what way can you best increase the Love of Country 
in every child in our Schools ? 



CHAPTER XVni. 

MUSIC. 

In many schools a part of the time of every pupil is given to Music. 
More time would be given if the teachers were competent to give instruc- 
tion in this 7n7ich neglected but very important branch. The demand for 
"Teacliers who can sing" is increasing. Not long since one school rejected 
twenty-seven teachers simply because they could not lead the school in 
Vocal Music, — yet who otherwise stood high in their profession. All teach- 
ers should understand the principles of music ; it would please and profit 
them. 

"Let the people praise Thee, God, 

Yea, let all the people praise Thee." 

1. What is Music? 

2. AYhat can you say of a Musical tone ? 

3. How many essential properties has such a tone ? 

4. Name these properties or characteristics. 

5. Into how many departments is music divided ? 

6. What can you say of Plythnics ^ Melodies .^ Dynamics ? 

7. How is length of tone indicated to the eye ? 

8. How are measures expressed ? 

9. Describe Double Pleasure. 

10. What do you understand by Beating Time? Its object? 

11. What is Accent? 

12. What are signs of Tones? Signs of Silence? 

13. What is the difference between the office of a single har 
and a double barl 

14. What do you understand by the scale? 

15. Of how many tones does the scale consist ? 



198 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

1 6. "Wliat are the names of the tones of the scale ? 

17. Can you give those tones accurately? Make them. 

18. What is the object of the Staff? 

19. What are Notes? What are degrees of the Staff? 

20. What is the office of the spaces and added lines of the 
Staff? 

21. What syllables represent the tone>? 

22. How are the syllables pronounced ? 

23. How is the Scale represented on the Staff? 

24. What do you understand by Absolute Pitch Letters 

25. Have the letters a fixed position on the scale ? 

26. What do you understand by Key of C? 

27. What is the Clef? Clef-letters ? 

28. What can you say of the F Clef? G Clef? 

29. What can you say of prolonged tones ? 

30. What is the Primitive form of measure ? 

31. Hov/ does primitive form of measure differ from derived 
form ? 

32. Describe Triple Measure. 

33. Where does the Accent occur in Triple Measure ? 

34. What is the distinction between double and triple time ? 

35. What characters are used to designate the kind of meas- 
ure ? 

36. Describe Quadruple Measure. 

37. Where does the Accent occur in Quadruple Measure? 

38. Name the different kinds of Notes and Rests. 

39. What is a syncopated tone ? Is it accented or not ? 

40. What are skips, and between what tones do they occur ? 

41. To what tone does the tone seven naturally lead? 

42. To what does four naturally lead ? 

43. What can you say of the Extension of the Scale? 

44. Into how many classes is the human voice naturally divid- 
ed? 

45. What is the distinction between the Bass and Tenor ? 

46. Wliat is the difference between the Alto and Treble ? 

47. How do you distinguish between the different tones denoted 
by the same letter? 



MUSIC. 199 

48. How many octaves are embraced in the •whole compass of 
tones appreciable by the human ear? 

49. How many of these octaves are within the range of the 
human voice ? 

50. What is an Interval ? What are Steps ? Half Steps ? 

51. Where do the whole steps and half steps occur? 

52. Describe Sextriple measure. Compound measure. 

53. Describe the Minor Scale. The Natural Minor Scale. 

54. What are Triplets ? What is a Chromatic Scale ? 

55. What is a Sharp or Flat? How far do they continue? 
b^. What is the office of D Natural, as used in Music? 

57. Explain the following, viz. : Every Major Scale has its 
Relative Minor, and evc7-y Minor Scale has its Relative Major. 

58. What do you understand by the Transposition of the 
Scale ? 

59. What do you understand by the Key Letter? 

GO. What must be preserved in the Transposition of the 
Scale ? 

61. Explain the Transposition of the Scale by Fifths. 

62. What is the Signature of the key, and where is it placed ? 

63. What can 3'ou say of the Relations of Tones ? Tone of 
Transposition ? 

64. Explain the transposition of the scale hj fourths. 

65. What is a Trill? Turn? 

66. Define Mezzo. Piano Forte. Pianissimo. Fortissimo. 
Legato. Staccato. 

67. What do you understand by Swell? Crescendo? Diminu- 
endo? How are they indicated? 

68. What do you understand by the purity of tone ? 

69. AVhat are Tonic Elements? What are common errors in 
singing ? 

70. What reasons can you give why music should he taught in 
all our schools? 



200 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 



CHAPTER XIX. 

THEORY AND PRACTICE. 

Remark. — The principles implied in the foregoing questions will be of but 
little avail to Candidates, unless they have a good theory of imparting in- 
struction ; a theory which they can practice. One i^'"^ '^ si7nple, pliant, 
natural, as opposed to one that is complex and difficu. . 

The following questions are therefore proposed in order that candidates 
may have an occasion to draw upon their own resources, and thereby see 
whether they have a clear system in mind, or whether they must go before 
their schools to experiment. Such should remember that the material upon 
which they are to work is too expensive for experiments. 

The answers to many of the following questions may be found in "Page's 
Theory and Practice," and "Xortiiend's Teacher and Parent." Yet 
many of them are unwritten, hence must be looked for in the mind. This 
is as it should be, as in this department no superior teacher is a mere imita- 
tor. 

1. How would you organize a school? 

2. What spirit should one possess who has access to the sa7ic- 
tuary of the mind ? 

3. What motive should govern the teacher, or pecuni- 
ary ? 

4. What especial preparation does he need who is to play upon 
the "harp whose tones, whose living tones, are left forever in the 
stringrs?" 

5. What can you say of the responsibility of the teacher'^ 

6. What can you say of the ventilation of the school-room ? 

7. What should be the appearance of the school-room ? 

8. What can you say of the teacher's responsibility for the 
health of the child ? 

9. Would a knowledge of Mental Philosophy be a valuable ac- 
quisition for a teacher ? Why ? 

10. Should a teacher be held responsible for the intellectual 
growth of his puni! ? 

11. Describe the order of studies to be pursued by the 
pupil. 

12. Sliould the teacher be responsible for the moral and reli- 
gious training of his pupil? 



THEORY AND rRACTICE. 201 

13. How should the teacher look upon skepticism? Seciarian- 
ism and inditicrence to moral subjects ? 

14. What can you say of the personal habits of the teacher? 

15. If it be true that "Happy is the man whose habits are his 
friends," should the teacher look well to his habits and those of 
his pupils ? 

16. What should be his order ? Courtesy? Punctuality? 

17. What should be the general character of the teacher? 

18. What influence does a knowledge of Trigonometry, IMen- 
tal and Moral Philosophy, Logic, Rhetoric, Music and "the Lan- 
guages," have on the mind of the teacher in preparing him for 
his especial work ? 

19. What should pupils be taught except what is found in the 
text-books ? 

20. What is your view of the modes of teaching ? 

21. Which is preferable, the ^'"pouring in,'" or "drawing out 
process ? " 

22. Is there a more excellent way than either? 

23. What would you do to arouse and develope the energies of 
the mhid? 

24. What can you say in regard to the manner of conducting 
recitations ? 

25. Give what you regard as the natural order of presenting 
any subject. 

26. What is the best way of exciting an interest in study? 

27. What incentives to study would you place before your pu- 
pils ? 

28. Give your idea of Emulation in the school. 

29. "WTiat is your view of offering prizes to scholars? 

30. Do prizes usually reward effort or success, worth or talent? 

31. State what you regard as the proper incentives to study. 

32. What can you say of school government'^ 

33. IMenticn the elements of a good disciplinarian. 

34. What means would you use to secure good order '^ 

35. Is it ivise or otherwise for a teacher to ask a mischievous 
or vicious pupil to do a favor for him? 



202 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

36. Would you write out a long set oi rules by which you pro- 
pose to govern the school ? 

37. What can you say of punishment in the school-room? 

38. Describe proper and improper punishments. 

39. Give your arrangements or programme for a given school. 

40. What can you say in regard to recesses ? Also in assign- 
ing lessons and reviews ? 

41. Give in full your opinion of public examinations. 

42. What can you say of the relation of the teacher to the 
parents of his pupils ? 

43. What can you say of the teacher's relation to his profes- 
sion ? 

44. What is your view of self-culture and mutual aid of teach- 
ers? 

45. Give your views of Teachers' Institutes and Associations ? 

46. What can you say of Physical Education ? Mention brief- 
ly what different educational forces and processes are required 
and brought into exercise during the Objective, Transition and 
Subjective periods of the pupils. 

47. Give your opinion of recreation. 

48. What is implied in human culture'^' 

49. What can you say in regard to the education of the Affec- 
tions'^ The WiW^ Conscience'^ 

50. State briefly your idea of the Science of Education. 



CHAPTER XX. 

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 
The following Test Questions have been kindly furnished the author by 
several eminent educators from widely different parts of the country ; ques- 
tions which they themselves had used in the Examination of Teachers. See 
suggestion at the head of " General Questions," in Chapter XI. 

1. When and by ivho7n was the Continent of South America 
discovered? And when and by whom was the Continent of 
North America discovered ? 

2. When and ivhere did the Continental Congress meet? 

3. Who succeeded Gen. Howe as Commander-in-Chief of the 
British Army ? 



MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 203 

4. Name the original thirteen States oi the Union. 

5. Wliat is a Tariff? 

G. What House or Family of Sovereigns occupied the Engli::h 
throne when America was discovered'? AYIien it wasjirst settled? 
And at the time of the Declaration of Independence ? 

7. What can you say of JMohammed ? 

8. W^hat was New York first called ? Give some account of 
its first settlement. 

9. Who was Anne Hutchinson ? 

10. Compare the characters and habits of the early Virginia 
colonists with those of the early New England colonists. 

11. Describe the formation and establishment of the Federal 
Constitution. 

12. Describe the naval engagement by Commodore Perry. 

1 3. Describe the Indian War in Florida. 

14 Describe the legislative, executive and judicial branches 
of our National Government. 

15. What can you say of England under the Romans? 

16. What can you say of Oliver Cromwell? 

17. What agency promoted intercourse and civilization in the 
early periods of history ? 

18. Whence have the religious institutions and culture of later 
nations been derived ? 

19. Under what ruler did the Athenians attain the highest re- 
finement at home and the greatest power abroad ? 

20. What period of Grecian history is noted for rapid advance- 
ment in the practical sciences and philosophy, and who were the 
most noted men of the time ? 

21. What seems to have been the cause of the degeneracy and 
final failure of the Roman Republic? 

22. What is the early history of the Anglo Saxons in Britain, 
and why were they so called ? 

23. What had the greatest influence upon the development of 
the Christian Middle Age ? 

24. What was the origin of the Crusades, and what was their 
social and reli2:ious effect ? 



204 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

25. Who granted the Magna Charta of England, and of what 
may it be termed the foundation ? 

26. What great inventions were made in the 14th and 15th 
Centuries ? 

27. Is the Constitution a league? If not, explain its nature, 
and state the reasons. 

28. On what authority was it established ? And if its existence 
is subject to any conditions, where are they defined ? 

29. What was the political status of the English colonies in 
North America before the Revolution ? When and how did they 
become States? 

oO. What distribution, and into how many parts does the Con- 
stitution make of the powers of this Government? 

31. What are the rules by which we are to ascertain the true 
intent and meaning of any provision in the Constitution ? 

32. Who is the final Judge or interpreter in controversies con- 
cernini]!: it? 

33. Does the Constitution provide any means for controlling 
the vote of a Senator or Representative ? 

34. State the term of office and mode of electing President, 
Senator, Representative, and Judge of the Supreme Court, and 
reasons for the difference. 

35. What powers are vested in the United States which do not 
belong to the States, and, conversely, what exclusive powers have 
the States ? 

3G. In what manner does the Constitution provide for making 
war and peace ? Mention any instance in which this power may 
have been usurped. 

37. Where is the serous tissue found, and what is its function? 

38. Which member of the body affords the greatest evidence 
of man's superiority over other animals ? 

39. Describe briefly the structure of the bones. 

40. What is the effect upon the bones of severe labor in youth? 

41. How are tlie muscles formed, and how are they attached? 

42. In the economy of the muscular system state a striking 
fact of man's dependence upon a higher power. 

43. Name the organs which constitute the digestive apparatus. 



MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 205 

44. "When labor is lessened what is the effect of continuing the 
same amount of food as when labor is greater ? 

45. How is the body sustained when food can not be taken ? 

46. Is it beneficial to use food which is the most easily digested 
at all times ? Give some reason. 

47. How are the arteries and the veins connected ? 

48. Name the organs used in respiration. 

49. Name the organs used in the process of digestion. 

50. Describe the circulation of the blood. 

51. Trace the food taken into the mouth, through its various 
changes, until it becomes pure blood. 

52. How many different bones in the human system ? 

53. How many pairs of muscles ? 

54. "What is the difference between veins and arteries? 

55. What is the difference between venous and arterial blood? 
5Q. Describe the eye. 

57. "What is the cerebellum and where is it situated ? 

58. Explain the situation and uses of the diaphragm. 

59. Describe a muscle. 

60. What is the difference between a nerve of sensation and a 
nerve of motion ? 

61. How may a person be deprived of all power of motion, and 
yet have sensation of feeling ? 

62. What effect has respiration upon the air breathed ? 

63. Give the most common abuse by which persons lose 
health. 

64. What is the difference between warm and cold blooded 
animals ? 

65. Explain the structure and uses of the spinal column. 

66. In cases of injury to blood vessels, how can you tell wheth- 
er the injury be in an artery or vein ? 

67. From which does greater danger arise, from the severing 
of an artery or of a vein ? And why ? 

68. What special provision is made by our Creator for the jiro- 
tection of the arteries ? 

69. How can you stop the flowing of blood from a severed 
artery ? 



206 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

70. What is a suture ? 

71. What difference between the skull of an infant and of an 
adult? 

72. What conditions as to warmth and ventilation, are most 
conducive to health? 

73. What are the constituent elements of Atmospheric air ? 

74. What is Specific Gravity ? 

75. What is the effect of respiration on the blood? 

76. Explain the principle of tlie Thermometer, Barometer and 
Air Pump. 

77. What is a body ? 

78. What are the essential properties of matter ? 

79. Define and illustrate impenetrability? 

80. Define Gravity. What is Inertia ? 

81. Illustrate by examples the different laws of Inertia. 

82. What is the fundamental law of Mechanics ? 

83. Name the Mechanical Powers. 

84. Give a formula for ascertaining the power of the lever. 

85. What is Pneumatics ? State the law of falling bodies. 

86. In what respect do liquids differ from solids ? 

87. How do you ascertain the weight of the Atmosphere ? 

88. What is Specific Gravity? How do you ascertain the 
Specific Gravity of solids, and upon what principles is your rule 
based ? 

89. The flash of a gun is seen by you 3^ seconds before the 
report is heard. At what distance is the gun from you ? 

90. What circumstances are favorable to safety during a Thun- 
der Storm? 

91. Why can you not see an object through a tube bent at 
right angles ? 

92. Describe the eye. 

93. Name the different kinds of lenses and the effect of each 
upon parallel rays of light passing through it. 

94. Why does a body of water appear less deep than it really 
is? 

95. What is Galvanism? Of what does Mechanics treat? 



MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 207 

OG. How does the Barometer help us to determine the eleva- 
tion of a mountain ? 

97. What is the rule for finding the specific gravity of bodies 
lighter than water ? 

98. What is Specific Gravity ? Describe the Pulley and its 
uses. 

99. What is the Leyden Jar? Hydrostatic Paradox? 

100. What is the greatest height of a column of water sus- 
tained by atmospheric pressure only ; and what would be the re- 
sult from a change of temperature ? 

101. Why does salt cause ice to become fluid? 

102. If a body be thrown directly upward, and return again to 
the earth in eleven seconds, what height does the body reach ? 

103. Why do the particles of Water when left to themselves, 
have a tendency to assume a globular form, as is noticed in rain 
drops and tears ? • 

104. Rule for finding Specific Gravity. 

105. Define Language in its most extended sense, and explain 
the office of English Grammar in reference to it. 

106. Name and define the elements of the following sentence: 
"Ah! the good boy and his dog run rr.pidly down the hilL" 

107. Parse the words italicised in the following sentence : 
" I do not know lohat is to be doney 

108. Correct in every respect the following sentences, (if cor- 
rection be needed,) giving the reason, founded upon a grammati- 
cal principle : 

c. "The Book kid on the floor." 

b. "I done the sum on page forty six." 

c. "The stream has overflown its banks." 

d. "There is no study in our schools so hard to teach as Grammar." 

109. Write the possessive plural of lady and man. 

110. Define abstract nouns, and give five examples. 

111. Compare the adjectives evil, little, front, much, hrilUant. 

112. Dechne the pronoim which. 

113. Give the principal parts of the verbs strike, forget, pay, 
hear. 



208 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

114. What is the difference between the voice of a verb and 
its mode ? 

115. Write the conjugation of the verb he, indicative mode, 
past tent^e. 

116. Write a sentence in which the grammatical predicate is 
modified by a verb in the infinitive. 

117. Parse the italicised words in the following sentences: 

"He gave me what I demeV "Milton, the poet^ was blind.'''' 

118. Analyze the following lines: 

"Now came still evening on, and twilight gray 
Had in her sober livery all things clad." 

119. Of what does Mathematical Geography treat ? Physical 
Geography r' 

120. Political Geography? Name the three largest States in 
the Union, and the three smallest, with the capital of each. 

121. A and B ti'avelled around the earth, — A on the parallel 
of Chicago, and B on the parallel of London. Which travelled 
the greatest number of miles? How many degrees did each 
travel ? 

1 22. Give the boundaries of Ireland. 

123. What is the length of the longest day in latitude 74 de- 
grees ? 

124. What is the width of the Torrid Zone, in English miles? 

125. Give the situation of Havre, Montevideo, Samarcand, 
Odessa, Caraccas. 

126. Name the countries in Europe that border on the Medi- 
terranean. 

127. Describe a water voyage from Odessa to St. Petersburg, 
naming all the waters through which you would pass. 

128. Draw an outline map of Asia. 

129. Sketch a map of Wisconsin, with the principal Towns, 
their Railroad connections, Lakes and RiverB. 

130. Bound your own township. 

131. How does Wisconsin compare in size with France? 

132. Why are the tropics 23 J degrees from the equator? 



MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 209 

133. Upon what ciiujes does the temperature of a country de- 
pend? 

134 What causes the saltness of the Ocean ? 

135. From what sources do Springs and Water Veins receive 
their support ? 

136. What are the prevailing Winds of the Mississippi Valley, 
and why? 

137. What circumstances chiefly affect the climate of a coun- 
try ? 

138. Bound Texas. 

139. What is meant by "Water Shed," as used in Geography? 

140. Name the 23rincipal Ports on the Pacific coast of North 
America. 

141. Of what States does the river Mississippi form a part of 
the boundary ? 

142. How is Italy bounded ? Name its principal mountains, 
rivers, and political division. 

143. Explain the })roce.<s for the Division of vulgar fractions, 
and the reason of the common rule therefor. 

144. Find the interest on $355.5 G for 4 yrs. 8 mo. 24d., at 5 
per cent. 

145. Divide $1000 among A, B and C, so that A will receive 
SI 20 more than B, and B $95 more than C. 

146. How much cotton at 2|- cents per lb. can be bought for 
$2,500, deducting brokerage at the rate of 2^ per cent, on the 
amount purchased ? 

147. If 4 men dh; a trench 20 ft. long, 121 ft. deep, and 2 ft. 
wide, in 4 days, working 10 hours a day, how many men will dig 
a trench 10 ft. long, 0^ ft. deep, and 3 J ft. wide, in 7 days, work- 
ing 3 hours per day ? 

148. What is the square root of 4.3681 ? 

149. When and how do ciphers give value to significant figures, 
as integers or decimals ? What is Subtraction ? 

1 50. What is the difference between Reduction of Denominate 
Numbers and Reduction of Fractions ? 

151. When you add Fractions, why not add Denominators as 
well as Numerators ? 



210 THE COMrLETE EXAMINER. 

152. Perform the following operation : .Oi~.005y_.B, and give 
the reason for pointing off. 

153. If you buy a slate for 8 cent.^, and sell it for 10 cents, 
■\vliat per cent, do you make ? 

154. What is the interest on $24,000 for f of an hour, at 10 
per cent, per annum ? 

155. Why and how are fractions reduced to a common denomi- 
nator ? 

15G. Find the entire quotient arising from dividing two thou- 
sand and one millionths by one hundredth. 

157. If I have a piece of land 16f rods long, and 3^ rods wide, 
wliat will be the length of another piece that is 7 rods long, and 
contains the same area ? 

158. If 82 men build a wall 36 ft. long, 8 ft. high, and 4 ft. 
thick, in 4 days, in what time will 48 men build a wall 8G4 ft. 
long, G ft. high, and 3 ft. thick? 

151). In a compound partnership how would you find each 
partner's share of the gain or loss ? 

1 GO. A capitalist has $25,000 ; he invests 20 per cent, in bank 
stock, 37-^ per cent, in railroad stock, and the remainder in gov- 
ernment bonds ; what per cent, and what sum did he invest in 
the bonds ? 

-[({. Chicago, Jan. 1st, 18G0. 

$382.50. 

For value received I promise to pay, on the 10th day of June 
next, to S. Brooks or order, the sum of three hundred and eighty- 
two dollars and fifty cents, with interest from date, at 7 per cent. 

J. Davis. 

Required the amount of the above note at the time of settle- 
ment. 

1G2. Bought 24 bbls. of flour for $1G8, and sold | of it at 
$G.75 per bbl., and the remainder at $7.50 per bbl. Did I gain 
or lose, and how much ? 

1G3. If gold 18, 21, 17, 19, 20 carats fine be melted together, 
what will be the fineness of the compound ? 

1G4. In the center of a square garden there is an artificial cir- 
cular pond, covering an area of 810 sq. ft., which is one-tenth of 



:*. 



MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 211 

the whole garden ; hOw many rods of fence will enclose the gar- 
den? 

165. What is the difference between Algebra and Avithmelic? 

166. What is an equation? 

167. If — aX — a=-|-a^, explain the reason for the change of 
signs. 

168. What is Algebra ? 

169. Write the symbols generally used in Algebraic formulas, 
and give the signification of each. 

170. Name the axioms. What is the meaning of Transposi- 
tion, and what is the occasion of its use ? 

X 2x X 

171. Find the value of x in the equation -+— - — 3 = --|-6. 

4 5 2 

172. Solve— +^^=^—"^-{-13. 

4 3 2 3 

173. What is Elimination ? How many equations are requi- 
site to the solution of a question involving two or more v;nknown 
quantities ? 

174. Solve by elimination by addition or subtraction, 

x+5y:=16. 
3x— 2y =— 3. 

175. Solve by Substitution, 3x — 4y=8. 

2x—3y = 5. 

176. Solve by Comparison, 3|x 4-4fy=:21. 

5x'h2y=lG. 

177. What is a complete quadratic equation? What is an in- 
umplete quadratic ? 

178. Solve the following : x^^5x=3Q. 

179. Solve the following : Sx^+^x-f 8 = 41. 

180. State and solve the following: A and B find Si 20. Had 
A found $10 more, and B $10 less, they would have found equal 
sums. What did each find ? 

181. vState and solve the following : Three numbers are eoual 
to 280 ; one-third of the second eqmils the first, and the third is 
50 less than one-half the second. What is each number ? 

182. If a certain number be increased by one-half itself and 



212 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

the sum be multiplied by the number, the product will be equal 
to 7 times the number less 4. AVhat is the number ? 

2 3 ' 

183. Prove that minus multiplied or divided by minus gives 
plus. 

184. Find the greatest common divisor of x^ + a^x^+a"* and 
x^ + ax'— a'x— a^ "^ 

185. If the difference of two fractions is equal to L show thatp 

q 

times their sum is equal to q times the difference of their squares. 

186. Find the value of x in - + 5x — ^ = c. 

a 

187. Find two numbers such tluit their sum, ihcii- [)roduct, and 
the difference squares shall be all equal to each other. 

188. What is the present value of an annuity of $112.50, to 
commence at the end of 10 years, and to continue 20 years at 4 
per cent.? 

189. What are the different modes of computing logarithms? 
Which is the most convenient, and why ? 

190. Show that the square described on the difference of two 
lines is equivalent to the sum of the squares described on the 
lines diminished by twice the rectangle contained by the lines. 
Give the Algebraic expression of this proposition. 

191. Show that like powers or roots of proportion^.! magnitudes 
are proportional. ^^^^^ 

10?. Show that the distance between any t^vo points on the 
surface of a sphere is less if measured on the arc of a great circle 
than on the arc of a small circle. 

193. Show that the sum of the three sides of a spherical tri- 
an<^le is less than the circumference of a great circle. 

194. Make the diagram of any arc greater than 90 degrees, 
with its sine, cosine, &c., designating each of the parts below the 
diagram with letters. 

195. Give the modes for finding any unknown parts of a right- 
angled triangle. 



MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 213 

196. Find llie formula for the sine of the difference of two 
angles or arcs. 

197. Give the three equations which are the primary formulas 
of spherical trigonometry. 

108. How many modes of measuring lands? Describe each 
proce.-s. 

199. Give a brief account of the different systems of Astrono- 
my and Kepler's laws. 

200. Explain the variation of the seasons and of the length of 
days and nights. 

201. Give the process of solving the sun's parallax and what 
is known as to the parallax of any fixed star. 

202. How may we calculate the quantity of a solar eclipse at a 
particular place ? 

203. What is the use of Axioms in Geometry ? 

204. Describe four different Quadrilaterals. Three different 
kinds of Triangles. 

205. What is Plane Geometry? Solid Geometry? A Straight 
Line ? 

206. How njany right angles can be formed about a given 
point ? 

207. Demonstrate, and use Algebraic symbols, if desired : 
The angles of a triangle are together equal to two right angles. 

208. When two straight lines cross each other the opposite or vertical 
angles are equal. 

209. If a straight line meet two parallel straight lines, the sum of the 
interior angles on th-e same side will be equal to two right angles. 

210. If all the sides of a polygon are produced in the same direction, 
the sum of the exterior angles will be equal to four right angles. 

211. Two diagonals of any parallelogram mutually bisect each other. 

212. Any two triangles having two angles and the included side of the 
one equal to two angles and the included side of the other, each to each, 
are equal. 

213. A triangle is equivalent to half a parallelogram of equal base and 
altitude, 

214. If a straight Hne be divided into two parts, the square described 
upon the whole line is equal to tlie sum of the squares described upon each 
of the parts, increased by twice the rectangle formed by the two parts. 
Formula : — (x+y)2=rx2+y2-|-2xy. 



214 THE COMPLETE EXAMINER. 

215. An inscribed angle is measured by half the arc included between its 
sides. 

216. The angles inscribed in the same segment of a circle are equal. 

217. The radius perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord and its sub- 
tended arc. 

218. To find the center of a given circle. 

219. Parallelograms of equal altitude are to each other as their bases. 

220. In equal circles, equal arcs are subtended by equal chords. 

221. If we wish to build a hexagonal brick house, at what an- 
gle shall we make the corner brick ? Give the reason for the 
conclusion. 

222. How many circumstances, and what are they, under which 
triangles are alike ? 

223. How will you occupy the attention and employ the time 
of the younger class of pupils while they are in the school- 
room ? _ * 

224. How will you teach the Alphabet ? 

225. Will you allow pupils to "spell out" words in reading, 
and to what extent? 

226. "What will you recommend for the first study of a child 
who has learned to read well enough to take up a regular study ? 

227. Enumerate some of the things that you will teach orally. 

228. Give a schedule of the course of study you will recom- 
mend from the time the pupil commences the study of books to 
his"fourteenth year. 

229. What special means will you employ to secure the inter- 
est and co-operation of parents ? 

230. At what degree of temperature will you keep your school- 
room ? 

231. What incentives will you use in the school-room? 

232. What plan have you for controlling whispering? 

233. What plan have you for securing punctuality? 

234. What should be the aim of all human culture? 



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